Fuzzy based load and energy aware multipath routing for mobile ad hoc networks

Routing is a challenging task in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) due to their dynamic topology and lack of central administration. As a consequence of un-predictable topology changes of such networks, routing protocols employed need to accurately capture the delay, load, available bandwidth and residual node energy at various locations of the network for effective energy and load balancing. This paper presents a fuzzy logic based scheme that ensures delay, load and energy aware routing to avoid congestion and minimise end-to-end delay in MANETs. In the proposed approach, forwarding delay, average load, available bandwidth and residual battery energy at a mobile node are given as inputs to a fuzzy inference engine to determine the traffic distribution possibility from that node based on the given fuzzy rules. Based on the output from the fuzzy system, traffic is distributed over fail-safe multiple routes to reduce the load at a congested node. Through simulation results, we show that our approach reduces end-to-end delay, packet drop and average energy consumption and increases packet delivery ratio for constant bit rate (CBR) traffic when compared with the popular Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) routing protocol

Mengenal pasti masalah pemahaman dan hubungannya dengan latar belakang matematik, gaya pembelajaran, motivasi dan minat pelajar terhadap bab pengawalan kos makanan di Sekolah Menengah Teknik (ert) Rembau: satu kajian kes.

Kajian ini dijalankan untuk mengkaji hubungan korelasi antara latar belakang Matematik, gaya pembelajaran, motivasi dan minat dengan pemahaman pelajar terhadap bab tersebut. Responden adalah seramai 30 orang iaitu terdiri daripada pelajar tingkatan lima kursus Katering, Sekolah Menengah Teknik (ERT) Rembau, Negeri Sembilan. Instrumen kajian adalah soal selidik dan semua data dianalisis menggunakan program SPSS versi 10.0 untuk mendapatkan nilai min dan nilai korelasi bagi memenuhi objektif yang telah ditetapkan. Hasil kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa hubungan korelasi antara gaya pembelajaran pelajar terhadap pemahaman pelajar adalah kuat. Manakala hubungan korelasi antara latar belakang Matematik, motivasi dan minat terhadap pemahaman pelajar adalah sederhana. Nilai tahap min bagi masalah pemahaman pelajar, latar belakang Matematik, gaya pembelajaran, motivasi dan minat terhadap bab Pengawalan Kos Makanan adalah sederhana. Kajian ini mencadangkan penghasilan satu Modul Pembelajaran Kendiri bagi bab Pengawalan Kos Makanan untuk membantu pelajar kursus Katering dalam proses pembelajaran mereka

MANET Congestion Control Mechanism - Challenges and Survey

The transport layer plays a crucial role in the Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) protocol stack by controlling traffic flow, managing congestion, and enabling end-to-end delivery. With the help of congestion control mechanisms, numerous protocols are formed to enhance MANET performance. This paper focuses on a thorough analysis of the challenges the MANET protocol stack is facing as a result of congestion control issues such high overload, long delays, and increased packet loss. Finally, note that in order to increase MANET performance, research needs to concentrate on specific congestion control mechanisms

Energy and Load Aware Multipath Route Selection for Mobile Ad hoc Networks

Routing protocols are crucial in delivering packets from source to destination in scenarios where destinations are not directly within the sender’s range. Various routing protocols employ different strategies, but their presence is indispensable for seamless data transfer from source to destination. Multipath routing, while offering load balancing, often falls short in efficiently distributing the network’s load, thus adversely impacting the vital communication resource—energy—due to packet loss. This paper introduces an Energy-Efficient Load-Aware Routing (ELAM) scheme to enhance the routing performance of Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). Our motivation stems from the observation that many multipath routing protocols are designed based on a single criterion, such as the shortest path, often neglecting load balancing or energy conservation. While the Ad Hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) protocol demonstrates improved performance compared to unipath routing schemes, achieving both load balancing and energy efficiency remains challenging.  The proposed ELAM scheme considers energy conservation, the shortest path, and load balancing to enhance the performance of multipath routing protocols. ELAM considers the shortest path and energy conservation while accommodating more than two paths in a MANET. We introduce an energy factor that contributes to the network’s lifespan, with efficient load balancing enhancing the longevity of nodes and the overall network. The energy factor provides insights into the energy status, and we evaluate the performance of AODV, AOMDV, and the proposed ELAM. The results demonstrate that the proposed scheme outperforms existing protocols and effectively manages unnecessary energy consumption by mobile nodes. Our performance analysis reveals a minimum 5% improvement in throughput and Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), indicating reduced packet dropping and network delays

Light Load Path Selection Techniques for Control Congestion in MANET (ENBA)

The nodes have limited bandwidth and processing capability. The routing protocols cannot handle the congestion due to heavy load in mobile ad hoc networks. Several routes are established in the network, and some intermediate nodes are common. The dynamic behaviour of the network creates problems for strong link establishment. The routing protocol establishes the connection between the sender and receiver. The efficient routing approach uses the concept of load balancing to reduce packet loss in a network. The heavy load on the network affects the node’s buffer capacity and link capacity. The research proposed the Effective Network Behavior Analyze (ENBA) for route sections to control congestion in MANET. This paper’s effort is driven by the idea of considering several aspects of the routing design of Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) in a unified manner. ENBA is a routing strategy that uses the shortest path for routing and balances the load by managing incoming and outgoing packets on links and nodes. In this routing scheme, the shortest path measures the buffer capacity of the nodes with higher TTL values selected for sending the data packets in the network. The link capacity is based on the flow of packets in the network. Queue optimisation is a continuous optimisation in which we count the number of packets incoming and decide the link reliability in a dynamic network. The performance of ENBA is compared with the Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector -Modified (AOMDV-M) routing protocol. The ENDA strategy outperforms the competition in terms of performance over a shorter period. In the proposed technique, performance matrices like PDR, overhead, and delay provide better results than the previous AOMDV-M routing approach

Performance evaluation of a new end-to-end traffic-aware routing in MANETs

There has been a lot of research effort on developing reactive routing algorithms for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) over the past few years. Most of these algorithms consider finding the shortest path from source to destination in building a route. However, this can lead to some network nodes being more overloaded than the others. In MANETs resources, such as node power and channel bandwidth are often at a premium and, therefore, it is important to optimise their use as much as possible. Consequently, a traffic-aware technique to distribute the load is very desirable in order to make good utilisation of nodes' resources. Therefore a number of end-to-end traffic aware techniques have been proposed for reactive routing protocols to deal with this challenging issue. In this paper we contribute to this research effort by proposing a new traffic aware technique that can overcome the limitations of the existing methods. Results from an extensive comparative evaluation show that the new technique has superior performance over similar existing end-to-end techniques in terms of the achieved throughput, end-to-end delay and routing overhead