Performance Evaluation for Stacked-Layer Data Bus Based on Isolated Unit-Size Repeater Insertion

The data bus of a stacked-layer chip always supports that data of a program are frequently running on the bus at different timing periods. The average data access time of a data bus to the timing periods dominates the program performance. In this paper, we proposed an evaluated approach to reconstruct a 3D data bus with inserted unit-size repeaters to motivate that the average data access time of the bus on a complete timing period can speed up at least 10%. The approach is trying to insert a number of unit-size repeaters into bus wires along the path of a source-sink pair for isolating extra capacitive loadings at each timing period to reduce their access time. The above process is repeated until no any improvement for each access time. Each inserted repeater with just one unit size due to the limited space of a chip area and the minor reconstruction of a data bus in practical. The approach has the advantages of uniform repeater insertion, less extra area occupation, and simplified time-to-space tradeoff. Experimental results show that our approach has the rapid capable evaluation for a stacked-layer data bus within one millisecond and the saving in average access time is up to 50.81% with the inserted repeater sizes of 70 on average

A review of advances in pixel detectors for experiments with high rate and radiation

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) experiments ATLAS and CMS have established hybrid pixel detectors as the instrument of choice for particle tracking and vertexing in high rate and radiation environments, as they operate close to the LHC interaction points. With the High Luminosity-LHC upgrade now in sight, for which the tracking detectors will be completely replaced, new generations of pixel detectors are being devised. They have to address enormous challenges in terms of data throughput and radiation levels, ionizing and non-ionizing, that harm the sensing and readout parts of pixel detectors alike. Advances in microelectronics and microprocessing technologies now enable large scale detector designs with unprecedented performance in measurement precision (space and time), radiation hard sensors and readout chips, hybridization techniques, lightweight supports, and fully monolithic approaches to meet these challenges. This paper reviews the world-wide effort on these developments.Comment: 84 pages with 46 figures. Review article.For submission to Rep. Prog. Phy

Development of Trigger and Control Systems for CMS

During the year of 2007, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and its four main detectors will begin operation with a view to answering the most pressing questions in particle physics. However before one can analyse the data produced to find the rare phenomena being looked for, both the detector and readout electronics must be thoroughly tested to ensure that the system will operate in a consistent way. The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) is one of the two general-purpose detectors at CERN. The tracking component of the design produces more data than any previous detector used in particle physics, with approximately ten million detector channels. The data from the detector is processed by the tracker Front End Driver (FED). The large data volume necessitated the development of a buffering and throttling system to prevent buffer overflow both on and off the detector. A critical component of this system is the APV emulator (APVe), which vetoes trigger decisions based on buffer status in the tracker. The commissioning of these components, along with a large part of the Timing, Trigger and Control (TTC) system is discussed, including the various modifications that were made to improve the robustness of the full system. Another key piece of the CMS electronics is the calorimeter trigger system, responsible for identifying âinteresting' physical events in a background of well-understood phenomena using calorimetric information. Calorimeter information is processed to identify various trigger objects by the Global Calorimeter Trigger (GCT). The first component of this system is the Source card, which has been developed to transfer data from the Regional Calorimeter Trigger (RCT) to the Leaf card, the processing engine of the GCT. The use of modern programmable logic with high speed optical links is discussed, emphasising its use for data concentration and the benefit it confers to the processing algorithms. Looking forward to Super-LHC, a possible addition to the CMS Level-1 trigger system is discussed, incorporating information from a new pixel detector with an alternative stacked geometry that allows the possibility of on-detector data rate reduction by means of a transverse momentum cut. A toy Monte Carlo was developed to study detector performance. Issues with high-speed reconstruction and the complications of on-detector data rate reduction are also discussed

Robust and secure resource management for automotive cyber-physical systems

2022 Spring.Includes bibliographical references.Modern vehicles are examples of complex cyber-physical systems with tens to hundreds of interconnected Electronic Control Units (ECUs) that manage various vehicular subsystems. With the shift towards autonomous driving, emerging vehicles are being characterized by an increase in the number of hardware ECUs, greater complexity of applications (software), and more sophisticated in-vehicle networks. These advances have resulted in numerous challenges that impact the reliability, security, and real-time performance of these emerging automotive systems. Some of the challenges include coping with computation and communication uncertainties (e.g., jitter), developing robust control software, detecting cyber-attacks, ensuring data integrity, and enabling confidentiality during communication. However, solutions to overcome these challenges incur additional overhead, which can catastrophically delay the execution of real-time automotive tasks and message transfers. Hence, there is a need for a holistic approach to a system-level solution for resource management in automotive cyber-physical systems that enables robust and secure automotive system design while satisfying a diverse set of system-wide constraints. ECUs in vehicles today run a variety of automotive applications ranging from simple vehicle window control to highly complex Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) applications. The aggressive attempts of automakers to make vehicles fully autonomous have increased the complexity and data rate requirements of applications and further led to the adoption of advanced artificial intelligence (AI) based techniques for improved perception and control. Additionally, modern vehicles are becoming increasingly connected with various external systems to realize more robust vehicle autonomy. These paradigm shifts have resulted in significant overheads in resource constrained ECUs and increased the complexity of the overall automotive system (including heterogeneous ECUs, network architectures, communication protocols, and applications), which has severe performance and safety implications on modern vehicles. The increased complexity of automotive systems introduces several computation and communication uncertainties in automotive subsystems that can cause delays in applications and messages, resulting in missed real-time deadlines. Missing deadlines for safety-critical automotive applications can be catastrophic, and this problem will be further aggravated in the case of future autonomous vehicles. Additionally, due to the harsh operating conditions (such as high temperatures, vibrations, and electromagnetic interference (EMI)) of automotive embedded systems, there is a significant risk to the integrity of the data that is exchanged between ECUs which can lead to faulty vehicle control. These challenges demand a more reliable design of automotive systems that is resilient to uncertainties and supports data integrity goals. Additionally, the increased connectivity of modern vehicles has made them highly vulnerable to various kinds of sophisticated security attacks. Hence, it is also vital to ensure the security of automotive systems, and it will become crucial as connected and autonomous vehicles become more ubiquitous. However, imposing security mechanisms on the resource constrained automotive systems can result in additional computation and communication overhead, potentially leading to further missed deadlines. Therefore, it is crucial to design techniques that incur very minimal overhead (lightweight) when trying to achieve the above-mentioned goals and ensure the real-time performance of the system. We address these issues by designing a holistic resource management framework called ROSETTA that enables robust and secure automotive cyber-physical system design while satisfying a diverse set of constraints related to reliability, security, real-time performance, and energy consumption. To achieve reliability goals, we have developed several techniques for reliability-aware scheduling and multi-level monitoring of signal integrity. To achieve security objectives, we have proposed a lightweight security framework that provides confidentiality and authenticity while meeting both security and real-time constraints. We have also introduced multiple deep learning based intrusion detection systems (IDS) to monitor and detect cyber-attacks in the in-vehicle network. Lastly, we have introduced novel techniques for jitter management and security management and deployed lightweight IDSs on resource constrained automotive ECUs while ensuring the real-time performance of the automotive systems

Belle II Technical Design Report

The Belle detector at the KEKB electron-positron collider has collected almost 1 billion Y(4S) events in its decade of operation. Super-KEKB, an upgrade of KEKB is under construction, to increase the luminosity by two orders of magnitude during a three-year shutdown, with an ultimate goal of 8E35 /cm^2 /s luminosity. To exploit the increased luminosity, an upgrade of the Belle detector has been proposed. A new international collaboration Belle-II, is being formed. The Technical Design Report presents physics motivation, basic methods of the accelerator upgrade, as well as key improvements of the detector.Comment: Edited by: Z. Dole\v{z}al and S. Un

Infrastructure for Detector Research and Development towards the International Linear Collider

The EUDET-project was launched to create an infrastructure for developing and testing new and advanced detector technologies to be used at a future linear collider. The aim was to make possible experimentation and analysis of data for institutes, which otherwise could not be realized due to lack of resources. The infrastructure comprised an analysis and software network, and instrumentation infrastructures for tracking detectors as well as for calorimetry.Comment: 54 pages, 48 picture