70 research outputs found

    Antenna Design for 5G and Beyond

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    With the rapid evolution of the wireless communications, fifth-generation (5G) communication has received much attention from both academia and industry, with many reported efforts and research outputs and significant improvements in different aspects, such as data rate speed and resolution, mobility, latency, etc. In some countries, the commercialization of 5G communication has already started as well as initial research of beyond technologies such as 6G.MIMO technology with multiple antennas is a promising technology to obtain the requirements of 5G/6G communications. It can significantly enhance the system capacity and resist multipath fading, and has become a hot spot in the field of wireless communications. This technology is a key component and probably the most established to truly reach the promised transfer data rates of future communication systems. In MIMO systems, multiple antennas are deployed at both the transmitter and receiver sides. The greater number of antennas can make the system more resistant to intentional jamming and interference. Massive MIMO with an especially high number of antennas can reduce energy consumption by targeting signals to individual users utilizing beamforming.Apart from sub-6 GHz frequency bands, 5G/6G devices are also expected to cover millimeter-wave (mmWave) and terahertz (THz) spectra. However, moving to higher bands will bring new challenges and will certainly require careful consideration of the antenna design for smart devices. Compact antennas arranged as conformal, planar, and linear arrays can be employed at different portions of base stations and user equipment to form phased arrays with high gain and directional radiation beams. The objective of this Special Issue is to cover all aspects of antenna designs used in existing or future wireless communication systems. The aim is to highlight recent advances, current trends, and possible future developments of 5G/6G antennas

    1-D broadside-radiating leaky-wave antenna based on a numerically synthesized impedance surface

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    A newly-developed deterministic numerical technique for the automated design of metasurface antennas is applied here for the first time to the design of a 1-D printed Leaky-Wave Antenna (LWA) for broadside radiation. The surface impedance synthesis process does not require any a priori knowledge on the impedance pattern, and starts from a mask constraint on the desired far-field and practical bounds on the unit cell impedance values. The designed reactance surface for broadside radiation exhibits a non conventional patterning; this highlights the merit of using an automated design process for a design well known to be challenging for analytical methods. The antenna is physically implemented with an array of metal strips with varying gap widths and simulation results show very good agreement with the predicted performance

    Beam scanning by liquid-crystal biasing in a modified SIW structure

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    A fixed-frequency beam-scanning 1D antenna based on Liquid Crystals (LCs) is designed for application in 2D scanning with lateral alignment. The 2D array environment imposes full decoupling of adjacent 1D antennas, which often conflicts with the LC requirement of DC biasing: the proposed design accommodates both. The LC medium is placed inside a Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) modified to work as a Groove Gap Waveguide, with radiating slots etched on the upper broad wall, that radiates as a Leaky-Wave Antenna (LWA). This allows effective application of the DC bias voltage needed for tuning the LCs. At the same time, the RF field remains laterally confined, enabling the possibility to lay several antennas in parallel and achieve 2D beam scanning. The design is validated by simulation employing the actual properties of a commercial LC medium

    Antenna Design for 5G and Beyond

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    This book is a reprint of the Special Issue Antenna Design for 5G and Beyond that was published in Sensors

    Antenna Systems

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    This book offers an up-to-date and comprehensive review of modern antenna systems and their applications in the fields of contemporary wireless systems. It constitutes a useful resource of new material, including stochastic versus ray tracing wireless channel modeling for 5G and V2X applications and implantable devices. Chapters discuss modern metalens antennas in microwaves, terahertz, and optical domain. Moreover, the book presents new material on antenna arrays for 5G massive MIMO beamforming. Finally, it discusses new methods, devices, and technologies to enhance the performance of antenna systems

    Satellite Communications

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    This study is motivated by the need to give the reader a broad view of the developments, key concepts, and technologies related to information society evolution, with a focus on the wireless communications and geoinformation technologies and their role in the environment. Giving perspective, it aims at assisting people active in the industry, the public sector, and Earth science fields as well, by providing a base for their continued work and thinking

    Sum rules and constraints on passive systems - a general approach and applications to electromagnetic scattering

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    Physical processes are often modeled as input-output systems. Many such systems obey passivity, which means that power is dissipated in the process. This thesis deals with the inevitable constraints imposed on physical systems due to passivity. A general approach to derive sum rules and physical limitations on passive systems is presented. The sum rules relate the dynamical behaviour of a system to its static and/or high-frequency properties. This is beneficial, since static properties are in general easier to determine. The physical limitations indicate what can, and what can not, be expected from certain passive systems. At the core of the general approach is a set of integral identities for Herglotz functions, a function class intimately related to the transfer functions of passive systems. In this thesis, the general approach is also applied to a specific problem: the scattering and absorption of electromagnetic vector spherical waves by various objects. Physical limitations are derived, which limit the absorption of power from each individual spherical wave. They are particularly useful for electrically small scatterers. The results can be used in many fields where an understanding of the interaction between electromagnetic waves and matter is vital. One interesting application is within antenna theory, where the limitations are helpful from a designer's viewpoint; they can give an understanding as to what factors limit performance, and also indicate if there is room for improvement or not

    Integral Identities for Passive Systems and Spherical Waves in Scattering and Antenna Problems

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    Sum rules and physical limitations within electromagnetic theory and antenna theory have received significant attention in the last few years. However, the derivations are often relying on application specific and sometimes unsupported assumptions, and therefore a mathematically rigorous and generally applicable approach seems timely. Such an approach is presented in this thesis, along with examples and all the necessary proofs. The approach is also applied in the thesis to derive sum rules and physical limitations on electromagnetic spherical wave scattering. This has not been done before, despite the widespread use of spherical wave decompositions. For example, spherical waves and the antenna scattering matrix provide a complete and compact description of all the important properties of an antenna, are crucial parts in spherical near-field antenna measurements, and have been used recently to model antenna-channel interaction and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication systems. This thesis is also the first to present a method to estimate spherical wave coefficients from propagation channel measurements. The results of this thesis can roughly be divided into three categories: Firstly, a general approach to derive sum rules and physical limitations on input-output systems based on the assumptions of causality and passivity is presented (Paper I). Secondly, sum rules and physical limitations on the scattering and matching of electromagnetic spherical waves are derived, and the implications for antennas are explored (Papers II-IV). Thirdly, a method to estimate spherical wave coefficients from channel measurements, and the results of a measurement campaign, are presented and analysed (Paper V). The thesis consists of a General Introduction and five appended papers

    Systematic Design of Multiport Antennas for MIMO-enabled Mobile Wireless Terminals

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    Mobile wireless communication systems have undergone a tremendous development in the past decade. One of the major advancements is the widespread use of MIMO transmission schemes beginning with the introduction of the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standard LTE and being extended in LTE Advanced. So as to support MIMO transmission schemes mobile terminals must be equipped with multiport antenna systems. The term refers to an arrangement of two or more antenna elements operating in the same frequency range and mounted on the same mobile wireless platform. Reduced volume per antenna element and strong interaction between all antenna elements are major design challenges and require for new systematic design approaches beyond classical single antenna design. The ongoing miniaturization of mobile terminals, the extension of the mobile spectrum and in particular the opening of new mobile communication bands at the lower end of the spectrum exacerbate these challenges. Design and characterization of multiport antennas have therefore become subject of high interest and of numerous research projects in both academia and industry. This dissertation contributes to the development of systematic design procedures for multiport antennas with emphasis on accounting for the restrictions and side conditions which apply when designing multiport antennas for actual consumer equipment. The dissertation has developed along an industry funded research project, with a focus on electrically small devices where antenna design is constantly faced with fundamental physical limits. Chapter 1 gives an overview of the state of the art in antenna characterization and design techniques applicable to multiport antennas for MIMO. Chapter 2 introduces into the analysis of multiport antennas in terms of their radiation modes. Modal analysis, based on spectrum of the radiation matrix, allows for unambiguous characterization of a multiport antenna by means of invariant properties. Modal descriptive quantities are defined which are basic to the design approach followed in this dissertation. Analyzing a multiport antenna with respect to its radiation modes is possible only after a design concept has been conceived. More fundamental from a design point of view is the question for the space of feasible radiation modes and their realization under the constraint of a given chassis form factor. Chapter 3 addresses this question based on the theory of characteristic modes for conducting bodies. The relevant properties of characteristic modes on the chassis of mobile terminals are reviewed. The excitation of characteristic modes by means of capacitive and inductive coupling elements is investigated in detail. Finally, a systematic design approach for multiport antennas is presented in which the antenna’s radiation modes are constructively derived from the usable characteristic chassis modes. Chapter 4 deals with design of matching networks for N-port antennas. Starting from the general expression for the scattering matrix of an ideal 2N-port matching network different topologies and alternative implementations are discussed. As a solution of particular interest in cases where some radiation modes feature insufficient bandwidths, special attention is given to systematic design of MDN which maps radiation modes to external ports of the antenna system. Chapter 5 focuses on the particular problems encountered in the design of antenna systems for extremely small mobile wireless terminals. After a review of applicable fundamental limits bandwidth estimation and approaches to maintain a decent total efficiency are discussed. The combination of electrical switching in the antenna structure with electrical tuning in an external matching network is suggested in this context. The DL-MIMO concept is introduced as a system level measure to cope with insufficient bandwidth. The different aspects are exemplified with the design of a 2-port MIMO antenna for a USB dongle. Chapter 6 describes in detail design, fabrication and measurement of four antenna prototypes. The validity of the design approach described in the previous chapters is confirmed. In conclusion, a systematic design approach, which combines the theory of characteristic chassis modes for conducting bodies with modal analysis of a multiport antenna, i.e. considers the spectrum of its radiation matrix is presented. The approach is successfully applied to a number of practically relevant design problems. The design technique permits identification of near optimum antenna solutions which approach the fundamental limits of attainable bandwidth and total efficiency.Systematischen Entwurf von Multiport-Antennen für MIMO-fähigen Mobilfunkendgeräte Die Mobilkommunikation hat in den letzten Jahren eine enorme Entwicklung durchlaufen. Eine der wesentlichen technischen Weiterentwicklungen ist der Übergang zu MIMO Übertragungsverfahren, in großem Maßstab beginnend mit der Einführung des 3GPP Standards LTE und in grÖßerem Umfang noch im zukünftigen LTE-Advanced. Mobile Endgeräte müssen dazu mit Mehrtorantennen ausgestattet sein. Der Begriff Mehrtorantenne bezeichnet eine Anordnung von zwei oder mehr Antennenelementen, die im gleichen Fequenzbereich betrieben werden und auf einer gemeinsamen Plattform angeordnet sind. Die Verringerung des je Antennenelement zur Verfügung stehenden Volumens und die starke Kopplung zwischen den Antennenelementen führen auf neue Herausforderungen für den Entwurf. Neue, systematische Entwurfsmethoden jenseits der klassischen Methoden für den Entwurf von Einzelantennen sind gefordert. Die fortschreitende Miniaturisierung mobiler Endgeräte, die Erweiterung des für den Mobilfunk genutzten Spektrums und insbesondere die Öffnung neuer Bander am unteren Ende des Spektrums für den Mobilfunk verschärfen die Anforderung an die Entwurfsmethodik. Entwurf und Charakterisierung von Mehrtorantennen sind deswegen heute Themen von großem Interesse und Gegenstand zahlreicher industrieller und akademischer Forschungsprojekte. Die vorliegende Dissertation liefert einen Beitrag zur Entwicklung systematischer Entwurfsverfahren für Mehrtorantennen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Einschränkungen und Randbedingungen die beim Entwurf von kommerziellen Endgeräten vorliegen. Zahlreiche Fragestellungen ergaben sich aus einem vom Verfasser bearbeiteten industriellen Forschungs- und Entwicklungsprojekt mit Schwerpunkt auf elektrisch kleinen Endgeräten, bei denen der Entwurf stets mit fundamentalen physikalischen Schranken konfrontiert ist. Kapitel 1 gibt einen Überblick über den Stand der Technik auf dem Gebiet des Entwurfs und der Charakterisierung von Mehrtorantennen für MIMO Anwendungen. Kapitel 2 führt in die Analyse von Mehrtorantennen mit Hilfe ihrer Strahlungsmoden ein. Die modale Betrachtung auf Grundlage des Spektrums der Strahlungsmatrix gestattet es, Mehtorantennen mit Hilfe ihrer invarianten Eigenschaften eindeutig zu charakterisieren. Es werden die modalen Beschreibungsgrössen definiert auf denen der in dieser Arbeit verfolgte Entwurfsansatz basiert. Die Strahlungsmoden einer Mehtorantenne können jedoch erst betrachtet werden, wenn ein Entwurf bereits vorliegt. Die vom Standpunkt der Entwurfsmethodik wichtigere Frage ist die nach Raum der unter den Einschränkungen eines gegebenen Geräte-Formfaktors realisierbaren Strahlungsmoden. Sie wird in Kapitel 3 auf Grundlage der Theorie Charakteristischer Moden leitender Körper behandelt. Die relevanten Eigenschaften charakteristischer Moden auf dem Gehäuse elektrisch kleiner mobiler Endgeräte werden betrachtet. Die Anregung charakteristischer Moden mit Hilfe von kapazitiven und induktiven Koppelelementen wird ausführlich untersucht. Abschließend wird ein Entwurfsansatz für Mehtorantennen beschrieben, in welchem die Strahlungsmoden der Antenne konstruktiv aus den nutzbaren charakteristischen Moden des Gehäuses abgeleitet werden. In Kapitel 4 werden Anpassnetzwerke für N-Tor Antennen behandelt. Ausgehend von der allgemeinen Formulierung für die Streumatrix des benötigten 2N-Tor Netzwerkes werden verschiedene Topologien und Realisierungsalternativen diskutiert. Gesondert betrachtet werden noch einmal MDNs, welche die Strahlungsmoden einer Mehtorantenne unmittelbar auf die Speisetore abbilden, da sie in Falle unzureichender modaler Bandbreiten, von besonderem Interesse sind. Kapitel 5 fokussiert auf die besonderen Probleme bei beim Entwurf extrem kleiner Antennensysteme. Nach Betrachtung in die maßgeblichen physikalischen Beschränkungen werden die Abschätzung erreichbarer Bandbreiten und Maßnahmen zur Sicherstellung eines akzeptablen Wirkungsgrades diskutiert. Vorgeschlagen wird in diesem Zusammenhang die Kombination von elektrisch rekonfigurierbaren Antennenstrukturen mit elektrisch abstimmbaren Anpass-Netzwerken. Die verschiedenen Aspekte werden am Beispiel des Entwurfs eines 2-Tor MIMO Antennensystems für einen USB Dongle erläutert. pKapitel 6 beschreibt im Detail den Entwurf, die Herstellung und die messtechnische Charakterisierung vier unterschiedlicher Prototypen von Mehrtorantennen. Anhand der Beispiele wird der in den vorherigen Kapiteln entwickelte Entwurfsansatz validiert. Insgesamt wird mit dieser Arbeit ein systematischer Entwurfsansatz vorgeschlagen, der auf der Kombination der Theorie charakteristische Moden leitender Körper mit der modalen Analyse von Mehrtorantennen, d.h. der Betrachtung des Spektrums der Strahlungsmatrix aufbaut. Der Ansatz wird erfolgreich auf eine Reihe praktisch relevanter Entwurfsaufgaben angewandt. Er führt auf ein systematisches Entwurfsverfahren, das es gestattet, Lösungen in der Nähe der physikalischen Grenzen für die erreichbare Bandbreite und den Wirkungsgrad aufzufinden

    Cooperative Radio Communications for Green Smart Environments

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    The demand for mobile connectivity is continuously increasing, and by 2020 Mobile and Wireless Communications will serve not only very dense populations of mobile phones and nomadic computers, but also the expected multiplicity of devices and sensors located in machines, vehicles, health systems and city infrastructures. Future Mobile Networks are then faced with many new scenarios and use cases, which will load the networks with different data traffic patterns, in new or shared spectrum bands, creating new specific requirements. This book addresses both the techniques to model, analyse and optimise the radio links and transmission systems in such scenarios, together with the most advanced radio access, resource management and mobile networking technologies. This text summarises the work performed by more than 500 researchers from more than 120 institutions in Europe, America and Asia, from both academia and industries, within the framework of the COST IC1004 Action on "Cooperative Radio Communications for Green and Smart Environments". The book will have appeal to graduates and researchers in the Radio Communications area, and also to engineers working in the Wireless industry. Topics discussed in this book include: • Radio waves propagation phenomena in diverse urban, indoor, vehicular and body environments• Measurements, characterization, and modelling of radio channels beyond 4G networks• Key issues in Vehicle (V2X) communication• Wireless Body Area Networks, including specific Radio Channel Models for WBANs• Energy efficiency and resource management enhancements in Radio Access Networks• Definitions and models for the virtualised and cloud RAN architectures• Advances on feasible indoor localization and tracking techniques• Recent findings and innovations in antenna systems for communications• Physical Layer Network Coding for next generation wireless systems• Methods and techniques for MIMO Over the Air (OTA) testin
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