Timing Analysis of the FlexRay Communication Protocol

FlexRay will very likely become the de-facto standard for in-vehicle communications. However, before it can be successfully used for safety-critical applications that require predictability, timing analysis techniques are necessary for providing bounds for the message communication times. In this paper, we propose techniques for determining the timing properties of messages transmitted in both the static (ST) and the dynamic (DYN) segments of a FlexRay communication cycle. The analysis techniques for messages are integrated in the context of a holistic schedulability analysis that computes the worst-case response times of all the tasks and messages in the system. We have evaluated the proposed analysis techniques using extensive experiments. 1

WiMAX (IEEE 802.16)-profıbus arabağlaşım elemanının petri ağlarla modellenmesi ve performans analizi

06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan “Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun” ile 18.06.2018 tarihli “Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır.Endüstriyel kontrol uygulamalarında saha seviyesindeki dağıtık kontrolör cihazların haberleşmesinde sahayolu ağları kullanılmaktadır. PROFIBUS (PROcess FIeld BUS) uluslararası standartlarla (IEC61158, EN50170) tanımlanmış en popüler sahayoludur. Üretim (fabrika), süreç ve bina otomasyon uygulamalarında yaygın olarak kullanılan PROFIBUS, 100 m ile 1200 m mesafede 9.6 kbps ile 12 Mbps arasındaki iletişim hızlarını desteklemektedir. Bu durum, PROFIBUS'ın daha geniş kapsama alanları ve yüksek hızlarda kullanılabilmesi için omurga teknolojisine sahip arabağlaşım elemanlarının kullanımını gerektirir.Arabağlaşım için kullanılan omurga protokolü gereksinimleri gelişen teknolojilerle birlikte değişmektedir. Günümüzde, kurulum kolaylığı ve hareketlilik avantajlarından dolayı kablolu omurga çözümlerine karşılık, kablosuz omurga çözümleri de kullanılmaya başlanmış ve hızla yaygınlaşmaktadır. Kablosuz genişbant omurga teknolojisi olan IEEE 802.16-WiMAX, görüş hattında 50 km'lik bir kapsama alanı, 120 Mbps veri transfer hızı ve farklı servis sınıflarında (UGS, rtPS, nrtPS, BE, ErtPS) hizmet kalitesi sunan bir protokoldür.Bu çalışmada, farklı lokasyonlardaki PROFIBUS segmentlerini IEEE 802.16-WiMAX kablosuz omurga teknolojisi üzerinden UGS servis sınıfı kullanarak birbirine bağlayan bir arabağlaşım birimi önerilmektedir. Bu birimin, senkronizasyon, koşutzamanlılık, kilitlenmeyi önleyebilme, üstel dağılım ve sabit zaman gecikme özellikleri olan Genelleştirilmiş Stokastik Petri Ağlar modeli sunulmaktadır. Ayrıca, model içerisinde PROFIBUS paketlerinin IEEE 802.16 paketleri içerisine kapsüllendiği önerilmektedir.Tasarlanan PROFIBUS/IEEE 802.16-WiMAX arabağlaşım birimi, geçit çıkış tampon boyutu, geçit giriş tampon boyutu, master istasyon jeton tutma süresi ve geçit PROFIBUS ayağı jeton tutma süresi parametrelerine bakılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Benzetimlerden alınan sonuçlar, arabağlaşım biriminin, farklı yükler altında yeterli bir hizmet sağladığını ve fiziksel gerçeklemesini yapacak olan kişiler için de başarımı ölçülebilir bir tasarım modeli sunduğunu göstermektedir.In the application of industrial controlling, fieldbuses are used in the communication of distributed controller devices at field layer. PROFIBUS (PROcess FIeld BUS) which is defined with the international standards (IEC61158, EN50170) is the most popular fieldbus. PROFIBUS which is used frequently in manufacturing (factory), process and building automations, provides datarates from 9.6 kbps to 12 Mbps at distance from 100 to 1200 meters. This situation requires using of internetworking units which has backbone technology, for using PROFIBUS at more coverage area and high datarates.The requirements of a backbone protocol used for internetworking, are changed by the development in technology. Nowadays, because of advantages of easiness in installation and mobility, in addition to the wired backbone solutions, wireless backbone solutions began to be used and rapidly became common. As a wireless broadband backbone technology, IEEE 802.16-WiMAX is a protocol that can serve a 50 km coverage area, a 120 Mbps datarate and a QoS at different service classes (UGS, rtPS, nrtPS, BE, ErtPS) in line-of-sight.In this study, an internetworking unit is proposed that interconnects PROFIBUS segments placed at different locations through a wireless backbone technology of IEEE 802.16-WiMAX by using UGS service class. By the features of synchronization, concurrent, deadlock avoidance, exponential distribution and constant time delay, Generalized Stochastic Petri Nets model of the unit is done. Also in the model, it is proposed that PROFIBUS packets are encapsulated into IEEE 802.16 packets.The designed PROFIBUS/IEEE 802.16-WiMAX internetworking unit is analyzed according to gateway output buffer size, gateway input buffer size, master station token holding time and gateway PROFIBUS side token holding time parameters. The outputs of simulations show that internetworking unit can support a sufficient service under different loads and present a designed model with a measurable performance for the people who want to implement it physically

Ethernet - a survey on its fields of application

During the last decades, Ethernet progressively became the most widely used local area networking (LAN) technology. Apart from LAN installations, Ethernet became also attractive for many other fields of application, ranging from industry to avionics, telecommunication, and multimedia. The expanded application of this technology is mainly due to its significant assets like reduced cost, backward-compatibility, flexibility, and expandability. However, this new trend raises some problems concerning the services of the protocol and the requirements for each application. Therefore, specific adaptations prove essential to integrate this communication technology in each field of application. Our primary objective is to show how Ethernet has been enhanced to comply with the specific requirements of several application fields, particularly in transport, embedded and multimedia contexts. The paper first describes the common Ethernet LAN technology and highlights its main features. It reviews the most important specific Ethernet versions with respect to each application field’s requirements. Finally, we compare these different fields of application and we particularly focus on the fundamental concepts and the quality of service capabilities of each proposal

Kopplung von PROFIBUS-Systemen über ATM

Die rechnergestützte Automatisierung von Produktionsprozessen hält zunehmend Einzug in Fabrikhallen. Dabei übernehmen untereinander vernetzte Komponenten Steuerungs- und Überwachungsaufgaben. Hõufig sind an das gesamte System, den Feldbus, Echtzeitanforderungen gestellt. Typischerweise ist die maximale Ausdehnung von Feldbussen auf wenige Hundert Meter beschränkt. Gerade in größeren Installationen führt dies zur Entstehung von Feldbus-Inseln, welches einen erhöhten Aufwand für Installation und Wartung nach sich zieht. Daraus leitet sich die Zielstellung der Arbeit ab, derartige Feldbusinseln unter Beibehaltung der Echtzeitfähigkeit des Datenaustauschs über ein Backbone-Netz zu verbinden. Unter der genannten Prämisse wurden zwei Modelle zur Kopplung von PROFIBUS-Segmenten über ATM entworfen. In beiden werden zur Verbindung Brücken eingesetzt, deren grundlegende Funktionalität mit der klassische Brücken vergleichbar ist. Auf der Basis des ersten Modells wird die transparente Zusammenschaltung mehrerer PROFIBUS-Segmente erreicht. Signifikantes Merkmal der Kopplungsvariante ist die systemweite Existenz nur eines Tokens. Mit diesem Ansatz wird in erster Linie eine Ausdehnungsverlängerung des PROFIBUS erreicht. Dem zweiten Modell liegt die Verbindung von unabhängig arbeitenden Segmenten mit jeweils einem Token zugrunde. Hauptcharakteristik hierbei ist die Lasttrennung durch die Filterfunktion der Brücken. Für beide Modelle werden Dienstqualitätsaspekte detailliert untersucht.In recent years, an increasing demand for automated support of production processes could be observed. A seperate group of communication systems - field-buses are especially designed as communication infrastructure. One of the most important characteristics of field buses is their ability to provide real-time data transfer of short data units. Typically such a field bus can only cover an area of a production hall, e.g. a maximum of several hundred meters. This leads especially in larger installations to field bus islands with no communication link between them However, interconnection an interworking of geographically distributed field-buses is desirable in order to ease configuration and diagnostics and the complete management task for such purposes. This work is dedicated to the development of two concepts in order to interconnect PROFIBUS segments through an ATM network using bridges as interworking units. The first concept concerns about PROFIBUS to cover longer distances by interconnecting physically distributed segments which share a single token. The second concept is intended to interconnect multiple independently operating PROFIBUSes, each circulating its own token. The main aspects of this approach are load sharing and enabling a centralized management

Deterministic ethernet in a safety critical environment

This thesis explores the concept of creating safety critical networks with low congestion and latency (known as critical networking) for real time critical communication (safety critical environment). Critical networking refers to the dynamic management of all the application demands in a network within all available network bandwidth, in order to avoid congestion. Critical networking removes traffic congestion and delay to provide quicker response times. A Deterministic Ethernet communication system in a Safety Critical environment addresses the disorderly Ethernet traffic condition inherent in all Ethernet networks. Safety Critical environment means both time critical (delay sensitive) and content critical (error free). Ethernet networks however do not operate in a deterministic fashion, giving rise to congestion. To discover the common traffic patterns that cause congestion a detailed analysis was carried out using neural network techniques. This analysis has investigated the issues associated with delay and congestion and identified their root cause, namely unknown transmission conditions. The congestion delay, and its removal, was explored in a simulated control environment in a small star network using the Air-field communication standard. A Deterministic Ethernet was created and implemented using a Network Traffic Oscillator (NTO). NTO uses Critical Networking principles to transform random burst application transmission impulses into deterministic sinusoid transmissions. It is proved that the NTO has the potential to remove congestion and minimise latency. Based on its potential, it is concluded that the proposed Deterministic Ethernet can be used to improve network security as well as control long haul communication

Re-use of tests and arguments for assesing dependable mixed-critically systems

The safety assessment of mixed-criticality systems (MCS) is a challenging activity due to system heterogeneity, design constraints and increasing complexity. The foundation for MCSs is the integrated architecture paradigm, where a compact hardware comprises multiple execution platforms and communication interfaces to implement concurrent functions with different safety requirements. Besides a computing platform providing adequate isolation and fault tolerance mechanism, the development of an MCS application shall also comply with the guidelines defined by the safety standards. A way to lower the overall MCS certification cost is to adopt a platform-based design (PBD) development approach. PBD is a model-based development (MBD) approach, where separate models of logic, hardware and deployment support the analysis of the resulting system properties and behaviour. The PBD development of MCSs benefits from a composition of modular safety properties (e.g. modular safety cases), which support the derivation of mixed-criticality product lines. The validation and verification (V&V) activities claim a substantial effort during the development of programmable electronics for safety-critical applications. As for the MCS dependability assessment, the purpose of the V&V is to provide evidences supporting the safety claims. The model-based development of MCSs adds more V&V tasks, because additional analysis (e.g., simulations) need to be carried out during the design phase. During the MCS integration phase, typically hardware-in-the-loop (HiL) plant simulators support the V&V campaigns, where test automation and fault-injection are the key to test repeatability and thorough exercise of the safety mechanisms. This dissertation proposes several V&V artefacts re-use strategies to perform an early verification at system level for a distributed MCS, artefacts that later would be reused up to the final stages in the development process: a test code re-use to verify the fault-tolerance mechanisms on a functional model of the system combined with a non-intrusive software fault-injection, a model to X-in-the-loop (XiL) and code-to-XiL re-use to provide models of the plant and distributed embedded nodes suited to the HiL simulator, and finally, an argumentation framework to support the automated composition and staged completion of modular safety-cases for dependability assessment, in the context of the platform-based development of mixed-criticality systems relying on the DREAMS harmonized platform.La dificultad para evaluar la seguridad de los sistemas de criticidad mixta (SCM) aumenta con la heterogeneidad del sistema, las restricciones de diseño y una complejidad creciente. Los SCM adoptan el paradigma de arquitectura integrada, donde un hardware embebido compacto comprende múltiples plataformas de ejecución e interfaces de comunicación para implementar funciones concurrentes y con diferentes requisitos de seguridad. Además de una plataforma de computación que provea un aislamiento y mecanismos de tolerancia a fallos adecuados, el desarrollo de una aplicación SCM además debe cumplir con las directrices definidas por las normas de seguridad. Una forma de reducir el coste global de la certificación de un SCM es adoptar un enfoque de desarrollo basado en plataforma (DBP). DBP es un enfoque de desarrollo basado en modelos (DBM), en el que modelos separados de lógica, hardware y despliegue soportan el análisis de las propiedades y el comportamiento emergente del sistema diseñado. El desarrollo DBP de SCMs se beneficia de una composición modular de propiedades de seguridad (por ejemplo, casos de seguridad modulares), que facilitan la definición de líneas de productos de criticidad mixta. Las actividades de verificación y validación (V&V) representan un esfuerzo sustancial durante el desarrollo de aplicaciones basadas en electrónica confiable. En la evaluación de la seguridad de un SCM el propósito de las actividades de V&V es obtener las evidencias que apoyen las aseveraciones de seguridad. El desarrollo basado en modelos de un SCM incrementa las tareas de V&V, porque permite realizar análisis adicionales (por ejemplo, simulaciones) durante la fase de diseño. En las campañas de pruebas de integración de un SCM habitualmente se emplean simuladores de planta hardware-in-the-loop (HiL), en donde la automatización de pruebas y la inyección de faltas son la clave para la repetitividad de las pruebas y para ejercitar completamente los mecanismos de tolerancia a fallos. Esta tesis propone diversas estrategias de reutilización de artefactos de V&V para la verificación temprana de un MCS distribuido, artefactos que se emplearán en ulteriores fases del desarrollo: la reutilización de código de prueba para verificar los mecanismos de tolerancia a fallos sobre un modelo funcional del sistema combinado con una inyección de fallos de software no intrusiva, la reutilización de modelo a X-in-the-loop (XiL) y código a XiL para obtener modelos de planta y nodos distribuidos aptos para el simulador HiL y, finalmente, un marco de argumentación para la composición automatizada y la compleción escalonada de casos de seguridad modulares, en el contexto del desarrollo basado en plataformas de sistemas de criticidad mixta empleando la plataforma armonizada DREAMS.Kritikotasun nahastuko sistemen segurtasun ebaluazioa jarduera neketsua da beraien heterogeneotasuna dela eta. Sistema hauen oinarria arkitektura integratuen paradigman datza, non hardware konpaktu batek exekuzio plataforma eta komunikazio interfaze ugari integratu ahal dituen segurtasun baldintza desberdineko funtzio konkurrenteak inplementatzeko. Konputazio plataformek isolamendu eta akatsen aurkako mekanismo egokiak emateaz gain, segurtasun arauek definituriko jarraibideak jarraitu behar dituzte kritikotasun mistodun aplikazioen garapenean. Sistema hauen zertifikazio prozesuaren kostua murrizteko aukera bat plataformetan oinarritutako garapenean (PBD) datza. Garapen planteamendu hau modeloetan oinarrituriko garapena da (MBD) non modeloaren logika, hardware eta garapen desberdinak sistemaren propietateen eta portaeraren aurka aztertzen diren. Kritikotasun mistodun sistemen PBD garapenak etekina ateratzen dio moduluetan oinarrituriko segurtasun propietateei, adibidez: segurtasun kasu modularrak (MSC). Modulu hauek kritikotasun mistodun produktu-lerroak ere hartzen dituzte kontutan. Berifikazio eta balioztatze (V&V) jarduerek esfortzu kontsideragarria eskatzen dute segurtasun-kiritikoetarako elektronika programagarrien garapenean. Kritikotasun mistodun sistemen konfiantzaren ebaluazioaren eta V&V jardueren helburua segurtasun eskariak jasotzen dituzten frogak proportzionatzea da. Kritikotasun mistodun sistemen modelo bidezko garapenek zeregin gehigarriak atxikitzen dizkio V&V jarduerari, fase honetan analisi gehigarriak (hots, simulazioak) zehazten direlako. Bestalde, kritikotasun mistodun sistemen integrazio fasean, hardware-in-the-loop (Hil) simulazio plantek V&V iniziatibak sostengatzen dituzte non testen automatizazioan eta akatsen txertaketan funtsezko jarduerak diren. Jarduera hauek frogen errepikapena eta segurtasun mekanismoak egiaztzea ahalbidetzen dute. Tesi honek V&V artefaktuen berrerabilpenerako estrategiak proposatzen ditu, kritikotasun mistodun sistemen egiaztatze azkarrerako sistema mailan eta garapen prozesuko azken faseetaraino erabili daitezkeenak. Esate baterako, test kodearen berrabilpena akats aurkako mekanismoak egiaztatzeko, modelotik X-in-the-loop (XiL)-ra eta kodetik XiL-rako konbertsioa HiL simulaziorako eta argumentazio egitura bat DREAMS Europear proiektuan definituriko arkitektura estiloan oinarrituriko segurtasun kasu modularrak automatikoki eta gradualki sortzeko

Developing a distributed electronic health-record store for India

The DIGHT project is addressing the problem of building a scalable and highly available information store for the Electronic Health Records (EHRs) of the over one billion citizens of India