11,019 research outputs found
Performance of the upgraded PreProcessor of the ATLAS Level-1 Calorimeter Trigger
none13siThe PreProcessor of the ATLAS Level-1 Calorimeter Trigger prepares the analogue trigger signals sent from the ATLAS calorimeters by digitising, synchronising, and calibrating them to reconstruct transverse energy deposits, which are then used in further processing to identify event features. During the first long shutdown of the LHC from 2013 to 2014, the central components of the PreProcessor, the Multichip Modules, were replaced by upgraded versions that feature modern ADC and FPGA technology to ensure optimal performance in the high pile-up environment of LHC Run 2. This paper describes the features of the new Multichip Modules along with the improvements to the signal processing achieved.openG Aad, K Bachas, G Chiodini, E Gorini, F Gravili, L Longo, A Mirto, M Primavera, M Reale, E Schioppa, S Spagnolo, A Ventura, and ATLAS CollaborationAad, G; Bachas, K; Chiodini, G; Gorini, E; Gravili, F; Longo, L; Mirto, A; Primavera, M; Reale, M; Schioppa, E; Spagnolo, S; Ventura, A; ATLAS Collaboration, An
Performance of the upgraded PreProcessor of the ATLAS Level-1 Calorimeter Trigger
Artículo escrito por un elevado número de autores, solo se referencian el que aparece en primer lugar, los autores pertenecientes a la UAM y el nombre del grupo de colaboración, si lo hubiereThe PreProcessor of the ATLAS Level-1 Calorimeter Trigger prepares the analogue trigger signals sent from the ATLAS calorimeters by digitising, synchronising, and calibrating them to reconstruct transverse energy deposits, which are then used in further processing to identify event features. During the first long shutdown of the LHC from 2013 to 2014, the central components of the PreProcessor, the Multichip Modules, were replaced by upgraded versions that feature modern ADC and FPGA technology to ensure optimal performance in the high pile-up environment of LHC Run 2. This paper describes the features of the new Multichip Modules along with the improvements to the signal processing achieve
Simulation Studies of Digital Filters for the Phase-II Upgrade of the Liquid-Argon Calorimeters of the ATLAS Detector at the High-Luminosity LHC
Am Large Hadron Collider und am ATLAS-Detektor werden umfangreiche Aufrüstungsarbeiten vorgenommen. Diese Arbeiten sind in mehrere Phasen gegliedert und umfassen unter Anderem Änderungen an der Ausleseelektronik der Flüssigargonkalorimeter; insbesondere ist es geplant, während der letzten Phase ihren Primärpfad vollständig auszutauschen. Die Elektronik besteht aus einem analogen und einem digitalen Teil: während ersterer die Signalpulse verstärkt und sie zur leichteren Abtastung verformt, führt letzterer einen Algorithmus zur Energierekonstruktion aus. Beide Teile müssen während der Aufrüstung verbessert werden, damit der Detektor interessante Kollisionsereignisse präzise rekonstruieren und uninteressante effizient verwerfen kann.
In dieser Dissertation werden Simulationsstudien präsentiert, die sowohl die analoge als auch die digitale Auslese der Flüssigargonkalorimeter optimieren. Die Korrektheit der Simulation wird mithilfe von Kalibrationsdaten geprüft, die im sog. Run 2 des ATLAS-Detektors aufgenommen worden sind. Der Einfluss verschiedener Parameter der Signalverformung auf die Energieauflösung wird analysiert und die Nützlichkeit einer erhöhten Abtastrate von 80 MHz untersucht. Des Weiteren gibt diese Arbeit eine Übersicht über lineare und nichtlineare Energierekonstruktionsalgorithmen. Schließlich wird eine Auswahl von ihnen hinsichtlich ihrer Leistungsfähigkeit miteinander verglichen.
Es wird gezeigt, dass ein Erhöhen der Ordnung des Optimalfilters, der gegenwärtig verwendete Algorithmus, die Energieauflösung um 2 bis 3 % verbessern kann, und zwar in allen Regionen des Detektors. Der Wiener Filter mit Vorwärtskorrektur, ein nichtlinearer Algorithmus, verbessert sie um bis zu 10 % in einigen Regionen, verschlechtert sie aber in anderen. Ein Zusammenhang dieses Verhaltens mit der Wahrscheinlichkeit fälschlich detektierter Kalorimetertreffer wird aufgezeigt und mögliche Lösungen werden diskutiert.:1 Introduction
2 An Overview of High-Energy Particle Physics
2.1 The Standard Model of Particle Physics
2.2 Verification of the Standard Model
2.3 Beyond the Standard Model
3 LHC, ATLAS, and the Liquid-Argon Calorimeters
3.1 The Large Hadron Collider
3.2 The ATLAS Detector
3.3 The ATLAS Liquid-Argon Calorimeters
4 Upgrades to the ATLAS Liquid-Argon Calorimeters
4.1 Physics Goals
4.2 Phase-I Upgrade
4.3 Phase-II Upgrade
5 Noise Suppression With Digital Filters
5.1 Terminology
5.2 Digital Filters
5.3 Wiener Filter
5.4 Matched Wiener Filter
5.5 Matched Wiener Filter Without Bias
5.6 Timing Reconstruction, Optimal Filtering, and Selection Criteria
5.7 Forward Correction
5.8 Sparse Signal Restoration
5.9 Artificial Neural Networks
6 Simulation of the ATLAS Liquid-Argon Calorimeter Readout Electronics
6.1 AREUS
6.2 Hit Generation and Sampling
6.3 Pulse Shapes
6.4 Thermal Noise
6.5 Quantization
6.6 Digital Filters
6.7 Statistical Analysis
7 Results of the Readout Electronics Simulation Studies
7.1 Statistical Treatment
7.2 Simulation Verification Using Run-2 Data
7.3 Dependence of the Noise on the Shaping Time
7.4 The Analog Readout Electronics and the ADC
7.5 The Optimal Filter (OF)
7.6 The Wiener Filter
7.7 The Wiener Filter with Forward Correction (WFFC)
7.8 Final Comparison and Conclusions
8 Conclusions and Outlook
AppendicesThe Large Hadron Collider and the ATLAS detector are undergoing a comprehensive upgrade split into multiple phases. This effort also affects the liquid-argon calorimeters, whose main readout electronics will be replaced completely during the final phase. The electronics consist of an analog and a digital portion: the former amplifies the signal and shapes it to facilitate sampling, the latter executes an energy reconstruction algorithm. Both must be improved during the upgrade so that the detector may accurately reconstruct interesting collision events and efficiently suppress uninteresting ones.
In this thesis, simulation studies are presented that optimize both the analog and the digital readout of the liquid-argon calorimeters. The simulation is verified using calibration data that has been measured during Run 2 of the ATLAS detector. The influence of several parameters of the analog shaping stage on the energy resolution is analyzed and the utility of an increased signal sampling rate of 80 MHz is investigated. Furthermore, a number of linear and non-linear energy reconstruction algorithms is reviewed and the performance of a selection of them is compared.
It is demonstrated that increasing the order of the Optimal Filter, the algorithm currently in use, improves energy resolution by 2 to 3 % in all detector regions. The Wiener filter with forward correction, a non-linear algorithm, gives an improvement of up to 10 % in some regions, but degrades the resolution in others. A link between this behavior and the probability of falsely detected calorimeter hits is shown and possible solutions are discussed.:1 Introduction
2 An Overview of High-Energy Particle Physics
2.1 The Standard Model of Particle Physics
2.2 Verification of the Standard Model
2.3 Beyond the Standard Model
3 LHC, ATLAS, and the Liquid-Argon Calorimeters
3.1 The Large Hadron Collider
3.2 The ATLAS Detector
3.3 The ATLAS Liquid-Argon Calorimeters
4 Upgrades to the ATLAS Liquid-Argon Calorimeters
4.1 Physics Goals
4.2 Phase-I Upgrade
4.3 Phase-II Upgrade
5 Noise Suppression With Digital Filters
5.1 Terminology
5.2 Digital Filters
5.3 Wiener Filter
5.4 Matched Wiener Filter
5.5 Matched Wiener Filter Without Bias
5.6 Timing Reconstruction, Optimal Filtering, and Selection Criteria
5.7 Forward Correction
5.8 Sparse Signal Restoration
5.9 Artificial Neural Networks
6 Simulation of the ATLAS Liquid-Argon Calorimeter Readout Electronics
6.1 AREUS
6.2 Hit Generation and Sampling
6.3 Pulse Shapes
6.4 Thermal Noise
6.5 Quantization
6.6 Digital Filters
6.7 Statistical Analysis
7 Results of the Readout Electronics Simulation Studies
7.1 Statistical Treatment
7.2 Simulation Verification Using Run-2 Data
7.3 Dependence of the Noise on the Shaping Time
7.4 The Analog Readout Electronics and the ADC
7.5 The Optimal Filter (OF)
7.6 The Wiener Filter
7.7 The Wiener Filter with Forward Correction (WFFC)
7.8 Final Comparison and Conclusions
8 Conclusions and Outlook
Appendice
Performance of the ATLAS Liquid Argon Calorimeter after three years of LHC operation and plans for a future upgrade
The ATLAS experiment is designed to study the proton-proton collisions
produced at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. Liquid argon sampling
calorimeters are used for all electromagnetic calorimetry as well as hadronic
calorimetry in the endcaps. After installation in 2004--2006, the calorimeters
were extensively commissioned over the three--year period prior to first
collisions in 2009, using cosmic rays and single LHC beams. Since then,
approximately 27 fb of data have been collected at an
unprecedented center of mass energy. During all these stages, the calorimeter
and its electronics have been operating almost optimally, with a performance
very close to specifications. This paper covers all aspects of these first
years of operation.
The excellent performance achieved is especially presented in the context of
the discovery of the elusive Higgs boson. The future plans to preserve this
performance until the end of the LHC program are also presented.Comment: 12 pages, 25 figures, Proceedings of talk presented in "Advancements
in Nuclear Instrumentation Measurement Methods and their Applications",
Marseille, 201
Physics Goals and Experimental Challenges of the Proton-Proton High-Luminosity Operation of the LHC
The completion of Run 1 of the CERN Large Hadron Collider has seen the
discovery of the Higgs boson and an unprecedented number of precise
measurements of the Standard Model, while Run 2 operation has just started to
provide first data at higher energy. Upgrades of the LHC to high luminosity
(HL-LHC) and the experiments (ATLAS, CMS, ALICE and LHCb) will exploit the full
potential of the collider to discover and explore new physics beyond the
Standard Model. In this article, the experimental challenges and the physics
opportunities in proton-proton collisions at the HL-LHC are reviewed
Operation of the ATLAS detector with first collisions at 7 TeV at the LHC
The ATLAS experiment has successfully recorded over 300 nb^-1 of pp
collisions at 7 TeV provided by the Large Hadron Collider, with an efficiency
of 94%. We describe the data acquisition, trigger, reconstruction, calibration,
monitoring, and luminosity measurement infrastructure that have made this
possible.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures. Proceedings of the 35th International Conference
of High Energy Physics, July 22-28, 2010, Paris, Franc
Readiness of the ATLAS Experiment for First Data
The ATLAS detector is one of the experiments at the LHC that will detect
high-energy proton collisions at 14 TeV. The commissioning of the detector has
started already in 2005 in parallel to the detector installation and is still
in progress. The data taken so far corresponds to noise runs, cosmic muon
events and beam background events from single beam in September 2008. We
present the current status of the detector and performance results obtained
during commissioning.Comment: 8 pages, 18 figures, to appear in the Proceedings of the XLIV
Rencontres de Moriond, Electroweak Session, La Thuile, March 11, 200
Highlights from ATLAS
The ATLAS experiment has been taking data efficiently since LHC collisions
started, first at the injection energy of 450 GeV/beam and at 1.18 TeV/beam in
2009, then at 3.5 TeV/beam in 2010. Many results have already been obtained
based on this data demonstrating the performance of the detector, as well as
first physics measurements. Only a selection of highlights will be presented
here.Comment: 12 pages, 9 figures, proceedings of talk presented at XVIII
International Workshop on Deep-Inelastic Scattering and Related Subjects,
April 19 -23, 2010, Convitto della Calza, Firenze, Ital
Jet energy calibration at the LHC
Jets are one of the most prominent physics signatures of high energy proton
proton (p-p) collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). They are key
physics objects for precision measurements and searches for new phenomena. This
review provides an overview of the reconstruction and calibration of jets at
the LHC during its first Run. ATLAS and CMS developed different approaches for
the reconstruction of jets, but use similar methods for the energy calibration.
ATLAS reconstructs jets utilizing input signals from their calorimeters and use
charged particle tracks to refine their energy measurement and suppress the
effects of multiple p-p interactions (pileup). CMS, instead, combines
calorimeter and tracking information to build jets from particle flow objects.
Jets are calibrated using Monte Carlo (MC) simulations and a residual in situ
calibration derived from collision data is applied to correct for the
differences in jet response between data and Monte Carlo. Large samples of
dijet, Z+jets, and photon+jet events at the LHC allowed the calibration of jets
with high precision, leading to very small systematic uncertainties. Both ATLAS
and CMS achieved a jet energy calibration uncertainty of about 1% in the
central detector region and for jets with transverse momentum pT>100 GeV. At
low jet pT, the jet energy calibration uncertainty is less than 4%, with
dominant contributions from pileup, differences in energy scale between quark
and gluon jets, and jet flavor composition.Comment: Article submitted to the International Journal of Modern Physics A
(IJMPA) as part of the special issue on the "Jet Measurements at the LHC",
editor G. Dissertor
- …