Reflecting Pictorial Language Design for Tactile Pictogram (Tactogram)

This paper is intended to reflect on an appropriate pictorial language design for the tactogram. The research method used document study analysis based on the three previous studies. The data included the results of designing pictorial language using Tabrani's 'ancient visual language' theories. Tabrani revealed how to read stories in pictures through translating the drawn multiple images in a panel as motion descriptions of the object. The author assumed the descriptive image system as a suitable pictorial language concept in designing tactogram for the visually impaired as orientation and mobility system in train stations. In general, if the visually impaired still cannot understand the meaning of the tactogram symbols simultaneously with their sequential reading principle, then the pictorial language is not optimal yet. It indicates some errors in designing its system because it does not meet the visually impaired ability and habits to read tactile graphic-based information

Factors related to braille acquisition among adult and senior learners : establishing evidence-based practice

Les difficultés de lecture sont les raisons les plus fréquentes pour lesquelles des personnes sont orientées vers un service de réadaptation visuelle. Bien qu’il existe une base historique solide à propos de l’enseignement du braille chez les enfants aveugles, il existe très peu de données probantes concernant l’apprentissage du braille chez les personnes en âge de travailler et les personnes âgées. De surcroît, bien qu’il soit clair que le vieillissement est associé à un déclin des capacités tactiles, motrices et cognitives, on sait peu de choses sur la manière dont ces variables peuvent influencer les résultats de la lecture du braille. Pour examiner cette problématique, une étude en quatre phases a été conceptualisée. Dans la première phase, une étude de la portée a été menée afin de synthétiser les connaissances existantes concernant la relation entre le déclin des capacités lié au vieillissement et la performance de la lecture en braille. La seconde a voulu étudier les obstacles et les facilitateurs rencontrés par les adultes qui suivent une formation en braille. La troisième a exploré les variables qui sont en corrélation avec la performance de lecture en braille à l’âge adulte. Enfin, la dernière phase a voulu se pencher sur l’influence du support de lecture sur la performance de lecture des adultes ayant une sensibilité tactile réduite. Les preuves antérieures concernant le braille et le vieillissement restent rares. Il existe une variété de facteurs personnels, sociaux et institutionnels qui façonnent le processus d’apprentissage du braille chez les adultes, incluant la stigmatisation envers le braille et le vieillissement perçue par certains praticiens, des services inadéquats et des difficultés à l’accès aux équipements brailles. Des données soulignent la nécessité de commencer l’apprentissage du braille le plus tôt possible, d’évaluer des mesures objectives de l’acuité tactile tout en considérant le rôle de la fonction du toucher, de fournir une formation accrue en matière de perception tactile et d’envisager une plus grande intégration d’appareils braille. Les résultats font également ressortir la nécessité d’augmenter le financement et les services ; de définir des critères d’éligibilité qui tiennent compte des réalités uniques des clients âgés et l’accès au braille ; et d’étudier plus avant le rôle de la stigmatisation vis-à-vis du braille et du vieillissement. En somme, tous ces éléments réunis peuvent influencer à la fois les décisions cliniques et les résultats d’apprentissage.Reading difficulties are the most common reasons for referral to vision rehabilitation. Though there is a strong historical basis for the provision of braille instruction among blind children, there is little evidence-based research on the needs of working-age and older adults. Aging is associated with declines in tactile, motor and cognitive capacities. Moreover, learning in adulthood is distinct from childhood learning, owing to differences in cortical plasticity and development. Little is known about how these variables may influence braille reading outcomes, but such knowledge is needed to inform the design of evidence-based strategies. For example, low-cost braille devices incorporate dots of greater height and density, but the extent to which such approaches may enhance reading performance for older adults with reduced tactile sensitivity remains unexplored. These questions are especially imperative as the prevalence of age-related vision loss continues to increase. A four-phase study was devised to synthesize prior evidence on the interrelationship between factors known to decline with age and braille reading performance; to investigate the barriers and facilitators encountered by working-age and older adults who pursue braille training; to identify variables that correlate with braille reading performance in adulthood; and to explore the influence of reading medium on the reading performance of adults with reduced tactile sensitivity. This thesis confirms that prior evidence on braille and aging remains scant, heightening the imperative for further research in this domain. Moreover, there are a variety of personal, social and institutional factors which shape the adult braille learning process, including perceived stigma towards braille and aging among some practitioners, inadequate services and access to braille devices. Braille learning age, frequency of usage, and measures of active tactile acuity emerged as significant correlates of braille reading speed. Preliminary evidence suggests that using braille displays with greater dot height enhances performance for those with reduced tactile sensitivity, while also enabling immediate access to relevant reading content. Collectively, these findings point to the need for rehabilitation practitioners to introduce braille as early as possible, evaluate objective measures of tactile acuity while also considering the role of functional touch, provide increased training in tactile perception, and consider a wider integration of braille devices. Findings also highlight the need for increased funding and services, eligibility criteria which takes into account the unique realities of older braille clients, and the need to further explore the role of stigma towards braille and aging which may influence both clinical decisions and learning outcomes

A comparison of three materials used for tactile symbols to communicate colour to children and young people with visual impairments

A series of 14 tactile symbols were developed to represent different colours and shades for children and young people who are blind or have visual impairment. A study compared three different methods for representing the symbols: (1) embroidered thread, (2) heated ‘swell’ paper, and (3) representation in plastic using Additive Manufacturing (AM; three-dimensional printing). The results show that for all three materials, the recognition of particular symbols varied between 2.40 and 3.95 s. The average times for the three materials across all colours were 2.26 s for AM material, 3.20 s for swell paper, and 4.03 s for embroidered symbols. These findings can be explained by the fact that the AM material (polylactide) is firmer and more easily perceived tactually than the other two materials. While AM plastic offers a potentially useful means to communicate colours for appropriate objects, traditional media are still important in certain contexts