5,486 research outputs found

    Motives for Prosocial Behavior : A Literature Review

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    An examination of the verbal behaviour of intergroup discrimination

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    This thesis examined relationships between psychological flexibility, psychological inflexibility, prejudicial attitudes, and dehumanization across three cross-sectional studies with an additional proposed experimental study. Psychological flexibility refers to mindful attention to the present moment, willing acceptance of private experiences, and engaging in behaviours congruent with oneā€™s freely chosen values. Inflexibility, on the other hand, indicates a tendency to suppress unwanted thoughts and emotions, entanglement with oneā€™s thoughts, and rigid behavioural patterns. Study 1 found limited correlations between inflexibility and sexism, racism, homonegativity, and dehumanization. Study 2 demonstrated more consistent positive associations between inflexibility and prejudice. And Study 3 controlled for right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation, finding inflexibility predicted hostile sexism and racism beyond these factors. While showing some relationships, particularly with sexism and racism, psychological inflexibility did not consistently correlate with varied prejudices across studies. The proposed randomized controlled trial aims to evaluate an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy intervention to reduce sexism through enhanced psychological flexibility. Overall, findings provide mixed support for the utility of flexibility-based skills in addressing complex societal prejudices. Research should continue examining flexibility integrated with socio-cultural approaches to promote equity

    The Divided Self: Internal Conflict in Literature, Philosophy, Psychology, and Neuroscience

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    This thematic project examines the notion of self-division, particularly in terms of the conflict between cognition and metacognition, across the fields of philosophy, psychology, and, most recently, the cognitive and neurosciences. The project offers a historic overview of models of self-division, as well as analyses of the various problems presented in theoretical models to date. This work explores how self-division has been depicted in the literary works of Edgar Allan Poe, Don DeLillo, and Mary Shelley. It examines the ways in which artistic renderings alternately assimilate, resist, and/or critique dominant philosophical, psychological, and scientific discourses about the self and its divisions. This dissertation argues that the internal conflict portrayed by the writers of these literary characters is conscious: it is the conflict of the metacognitive ā€œIā€ against akratic impulses, unwanted cognitions, and, ultimately, consciousness as a whole

    Use of Patient Diaries in pAediatric inTensive carE: UPDATE Study. A Constructivist Grounded Theory Study exploring the child, parents, and healthcare professionalsā€™ perspectives.

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    Use of Patient Diaries in pAediatric inTensive carE: UPDATE Study. A Constructivist Grounded Theory Study exploring the child, parents, and healthcare professionalsā€™ perspectives. Fiona Lynch Paediatric Intensive Care Units (PICU) are essential to paediatric healthcare, providing high medical and nursing care to children who have become critically ill. PICUs offer prompt and appropriate interventions for children who have developed physiological instability, whether following surgery, from infection, trauma, or deterioration of a chronic condition. A stay in a PICU is not without potential psychological consequences for the child and family. Interventions to support recovery from the psychological impact of critical illness for the child and their family are evolving. Studies undertaken in adult and childrenā€™s intensive care have explored interventions that may reduce the psychological impact of critical illness for the patient and their relatives, such as patient diaries. The impact of patient diaries is still emerging in PICUs, and a clear picture of how this intervention is used is the logical next step. Therefore, this study aimed to ascertain how PICU patient diaries are used by critically ill children, their families, and healthcare professionals during and after admission into the PICU. Constructivist grounded theory (Charmaz, 2006) was identified as the most appropriate methodology to study how the child, their family and the teams caring for them used patient diaries. The methods of intensive interviews and focus group interviews were adopted to generate rich data from the participants. Two intensive consecutive interviews were conducted with children and their family. The first interviews were conducted during the admission to the PICU and then repeated approximately five to six months post-discharge from the hospital. In total, 11 interviews were conducted during the admission to the PICU and six interviews post-discharge from the PICU. Only one child was interviewed as a participant in this study. Five separate focus group interviews were conducted with healthcare professionals to ascertain their views on the use and usefulness of the diaries. In total, 95 HCPs were recruited for the five focus group interviews, with four conducted in the PICU and one in the childrenā€™s cardiology ward. Two categories evolved from the family participants and three categories from the HCPs, leading to the development of the core category of Making Sense. Findings showed that patient diaries provided a communication tool which strengthened relationships between the parent and their child, the healthcare professionals and other family members by Creating Connections. The relationships fostered through the diaries were viewed as Impacting Emotionally on parents and HCPs. From this emotional involvement, the diary was considered to support the parentsā€™ emotional wellbeing. From the entries made by the family members, the diaries provided insights into how families coped emotionally, allowing HCPs to provide individualised support where needed. In an environment with an imbalance of power and unfamiliar organisational processes and cultures, the diary supported parental autonomy by Empowering Involvement to make decisions. The patient diary is a tool to bridge the knowledge gap between parents and HCPs in the childā€™s critical illness experience. Through this use, the diary offered a compendium of information about the childā€™s PICU journey. Providing clear insights and explanations of their child's PICU admission, the patient diary filled any gaps in memory and offered an easily understandable permanent record. Therefore, the diary was a valuable resource supporting Making Sense of the childā€™s complex critical illness journey. The UPDATE study has explored the uses of PICU patient diaries from the perspective of the families and HCPs. The patient diaries were valued and offered a tool to support the family, the HCP and child in making sense of the critical illness journey. Through CGT this study has provided insights not previously understood and contributes to the evolving evidence and theory about using patient diaries for the survivors of the PICU. ā€ƒFlorence Nightingale FoundationUniversity Hospitals of Susse

    Conversations on Empathy

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    In the aftermath of a global pandemic, amidst new and ongoing wars, genocide, inequality, and staggering ecological collapse, some in the public and political arena have argued that we are in desperate need of greater empathy ā€” be this with our neighbours, refugees, war victims, the vulnerable or disappearing animal and plant species. This interdisciplinary volume asks the crucial questions: How does a better understanding of empathy contribute, if at all, to our understanding of others? How is it implicated in the ways we perceive, understand and constitute others as subjects? Conversations on Empathy examines how empathy might be enacted and experienced either as a way to highlight forms of otherness or, instead, to overcome what might otherwise appear to be irreducible differences. It explores the ways in which empathy enables us to understand, imagine and create sameness and otherness in our everyday intersubjective encounters focusing on a varied range of "radical others" ā€“ others who are perceived as being dramatically different from oneself. With a focus on the importance of empathy to understand difference, the book contends that the role of empathy is critical, now more than ever, for thinking about local and global challenges of interconnectedness, care and justice

    A Critical Review Of Post-Secondary Education Writing During A 21st Century Education Revolution

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    Educational materials are effective instruments which provide information and report new discoveries uncovered by researchers in specific areas of academia. Higher education, like other education institutions, rely on instructional materials to inform its practice of educating adult learners. In post-secondary education, developmental English programs are tasked with meeting the needs of dynamic populations, thus there is a continuous need for research in this area to support its changing landscape. However, the majority of scholarly thought in this area centers on K-12 reading and writing. This paucity presents a phenomenon to the post-secondary community. This research study uses a qualitative content analysis to examine peer-reviewed journals from 2003-2017, developmental online websites, and a government issued document directed toward reforming post-secondary developmental education programs. These highly relevant sources aid educators in discovering informational support to apply best practices for student success. Developmental education serves the purpose of addressing literacy gaps for students transitioning to college-level work. The findings here illuminate the dearth of material offered to developmental educators. This study suggests the field of literacy research is fragmented and highlights an apparent blind spot in scholarly literature with regard to English writing instruction. This poses a quandary for post-secondary literacy researchers in the 21st century and establishes the necessity for the literacy research community to commit future scholarship toward equipping college educators teaching writing instruction to underprepared adult learners

    The Mercury 2023

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    ECG-based Human Emotion Recognition Using Generative Models

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    Human emotion recognition (HER) is ever-evolving and has become an important research field. In autonomous driving, HER can be vital in developing autonomous vehicles. Introducing au- tonomous vehicles is expected to increase safety, having the potential to prevent accidents. Recognizing the passengersā€™ emotional reactions while driving can help machine learning al- gorithms learn human behavior in traffic. In this thesis, the focus has been on HER using electrocardiogram (ECG) data. The effect of Autoencoders and Sparse Autoencoders in HER using ECG data has been explored and compared to the state-of-the-art. Additionally, the extent of ECG data as a single modality for HER has been discussed. Three pipelines were con- structed to explore how Autoencoders and Sparse Autoencoders affect HER. All pipelines were denoised and resampled using the Pan-Tompkins algorithm. Additionally, the pipelines were all trained, validated, and tested using the Support Vector Classifier (SVC). The first pipeline uses the Pan-Tompkins processed signals as input to the SVC. In the second pipeline, the input to the SVC is features extracted from the signals using an Autoencoder. The last pipeline uses the latent space of a Sparse Autoencoder as input to the SVC. The target emotions for the classifi- cation task were based on the two-dimensional emotion model of valence and arousal, resulting in four classes. The pipeline including an Autoencoder for feature extraction outperformed the pipeline without feature extraction in addition to reducing the bias the models showed towards one class. Using a Sparse Autoencoder, the overall results were lower, but it was able to reduce the bias toward one class further. These results show that the Autoencoder has potential in ECG-based HER and could contribute to the field

    Contraception and Modern Ireland : A Social History, c.1922-92

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    Contraception was the subject of intense controversy in twentieth-century Ireland. Banned in 1935 and stigmatised by the Catholic Church, it was the focus of some of the most polarised debates before and after its legalisation in 1979. This is the first comprehensive, dedicated history of contraception in Ireland from the establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922 to the 1990s. Drawing on the experiences of Irish citizens through a wide range of archival sources and oral history, Laura Kelly provides insights into the lived experiences of those negotiating family planning, alongside the memories of activists who campaigned for and against legalisation. She highlights the influence of the Catholic Church's teachings and legal structures on Irish life showing how, for many, sex and contraception were obscured by shame. Yet, in spite of these constraints, many Irish women and men showed resistance in accessing contraceptive methods

    A City in Gray Outlines

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    A host of characters struggle to navigate the isolating world of a city under the regime of the Forces, a military police organization. Together or alone, they seek out meaning in their own lives and the city around them. The world seems a heavy weight to bear, but there is brightness within it to be pulled to the surface if only people are willing to try
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