광역 다중 보행자 추적을 위한 계층적 궤적 매칭 기법

학위논문 (박사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 공과대학 전기·컴퓨터공학부, 2020. 8. 최진영.The purpose of wide-area tracking problem is to track pedestrians that appear on cameras that overlap or do not overlap, regardless of the time interval or person density. In a single camera tracking, data association using overlapping of the detection boxes is used to solve the tracking problem, but still has appearance ambiguity issues. However, wide-area tracking requires a tracking scheme that focuses on the appearance similarity of humans, without the use of overlapping of detection boxes. In this dissertation, we propose the tracking scheme for the Wide-area Multi-Pedestrian Tracking (WaMuPeT). To achieve the WaMuPeT, we propose the trajectory matching in overlapping camera settings (Ch. 3), non-overlapping camera settings (Ch. 4) and robust trajectory matching in dense scene settings (Ch. 5). In trajectory matching in overlapping camera settings (Ch. 3), we propose a novel deep-learning architecture for accurate 3-D localization and tracking of a pedestrian using multiple cameras. The deep-learning network is composed of two networks: detection network and localization network. The detection network yields the pedestrian detections and the localization network estimates the ground position of a pedestrian within its detection box. In addition, an attentional pass filter is introduced to effectively connect the two networks. Using the detection proposals and their 2-D grounding positions obtained from the two networks, multi-camera multi-target 3-D localization and tracking algorithm is developed through min-cost network flow approach. In the experiments, it is shown that the proposed method improves the performance of 3-D localization and tracking. In trajectory matching in non-overlapping camera settings (Ch. 4), we propose a novel re-ranking method using a ranking-reflected metric to measure the similarity between two ordered sets of $K$-nearest neighbors (OKNN). The proposed metric for ranking-reflected similarity (RSS) reflects the ranking of the shared elements between the two OKNNs. Using RSS, a re-ranking procedure is proposed that prioritizes galleries having neighbors similar to a probe's neighbor in the perspective of ranking order. In the experiment, we show that the proposed method improves the Re-ID accuracy by add-on to the state-of-the-art methods. In robust trajectory matching in dense scene settings (Ch. 5), we propose a novel framework for multi-pedestrian tracking to generate robust trajectories in dense scene. In the proposed tracking method, we propose the tracking method based on the trajectory matching by the strategy of divide and conquer method. In this strategy, short-term, mid-term and long-term trajectories are generated by each trajectory merging stages, respectively. Also we propose a novel deep-feature matching method called stable boundary selection (SBS). In SBS matching, the detections are clustered by the group similarity of deep features, so that robust trajectories can be generated. With the smoothing algorithms and the detection restoration algorithm, the proposed tracking method shows the state-of-the-art tracking accuracy in three public tracking dataset.광역 추적 문제의 목적은 시간 간격이나 사람 밀도에 관계없이 겹치거나 겹치지 않는 카메라에 나타나는 보행자를 추적하는 것이다. 단일 카메라 추적에서 감지 상자의 겹침을 사용하는 데이터 연결은 추적 문제를 해결하는 데 사용되지만 여전히 모양 모호성 문제가 있다. 그러나 광역 추적에는 감지 상자의 겹침을 사용하지 않고 사람의 외형 유사성에 중점을 둔 추적 체계가 필요하다. 이 논문에서는 광역 다중 보행자 추적 (WaMuPeT)에 대한 추적 체계를 제안한다. WaMuPeT를 달성하기 위해 겹치는 카메라 설정 (3 장), 겹치지 않는 카메라 설정 (4 장) 에서의 궤적 일치 그리고 빽빽한 장면 설정 (5 장)에서 강인한 궤적 일치에 대해서 제안한다. 겹치는 카메라 설정에서의 궤적 매칭 (3 장)에서는 여러 카메라를 사용하여 보행자를 정확하게 3D 지역화하고 추적하기위한 새로운 딥 러닝 아키텍처를 제안한다. 딥 러닝 네트워크는 감지 네트워크와 로컬라이제이션 네트워크의 두 가지 네트워크로 구성된다. 탐지 네트워크는 보행자 탐지를 제공하고 현지화 네트워크는 탐지 상자 내에서 보행자의 지상 위치를 추정한다. 또한 두 개의 네트워크를 효과적으로 연결하기 위해주의 패스 필터가 도입되었다. 두 네트워크에서 얻은 탐지 제안 및 2D 접지 위치를 사용하여 최소 비용의 네트워크 흐름 접근 방식을 통해 다중 카메라 다중 대상 3D 지역화 및 추적 알고리즘이 개발된다. 실험에서 제안 된 방법이 3D 지역화 및 추적 성능을 향상시키는 것으로 나타났다. 겹치지 않는 카메라 설정에서의 궤적 일치 (4 장)에서, 우리는 순위가 반영된 메트릭을 사용하여 두개의 순서가 지정된 $K$-최근 접 이웃 (OKNN) 세트 사이의 유사성을 측정한다. 순위 반영 유사성 (RSS)에 대해 제안 된 메트릭은 두 OKNN 사이의 공유 요소의 순위를 반영합니다. RSS를 사용하여, 순위 순서의 관점에서 프로브의 이웃과 유사한 이웃을 갖는 갤러리를 우선 순위 화하는 재순위 절차가 제안된다. 실험에서 제안 된 방법이 최신 방법에 추가되어 Re-ID 정확도가 향상됨을 보여준다. 고밀도 장면 설정에서 강력한 궤적 일치 (5 장)에서, 우리는 고밀도 장면에서 강력한 궤적을 생성하기 위해 다중 보행자 추적을 위한 새로운 프레임 워크를 제안한다. 제안된 추적 방법에서는 분할 및 정복 방법 전략에 따른 궤적 매칭을 기반으로 추적 방법을 제안한다. 이 전략에서, 단기, 중기 및 장기 궤적은 각각의 궤적 병합 단계에 의해 생성된다. 또한 SBS (Stable Boundary Selection)라는 새로운 기능 매칭 기법을 제안한다. SBS 매칭에서, 탐지는 깊은 특징의 그룹 유사성에 의해 군집화되어, 강력한 궤적이 생성 될 수 있다. 제안 된 추적 방법은 평활 알고리즘과 탐지 복원 알고리즘을 통해 3 개의 공개 추적 데이터 세트에서 최첨단 추적 정확도를 보여준다.Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Related Works 4 1.2.1 Localization of Pedestrian Detection 4 1.2.2 Pedestrian Feature from Person Re-identification 5 1.2.3 Multi-Pedestrian Tracking 8 1.3 Contributions 8 1.4 Thesis Organization 10 Chapter 2 Problem Statements 11 2.1 Trajectory Matching in Overlapping Camera Settings 11 2.1.1 Challenges 11 2.1.2 Approach for the challenges 13 2.2 Trajectory Matching in Non-Overlapping Camera Settings 13 2.2.1 Challenges 13 2.2.2 Approach for the challenges 14 2.3 Robust Trajectory Matching in Dense Scene Settings 16 2.3.1 Challenges 16 2.3.2 Approach for the challenges 18 Chapter 3 Trajectory Matching in Overlapping Camera Settings 19 3.1 Overall Scheme 19 3.2 Network Design 20 3.3 MCMTT with Proposed Network 22 Chapter 4 Trajectory Matching in Non-overlapping Camera Settings 25 4.1 Overall Scheme 25 4.2 Proposed Method 30 4.2.1 Proposed Similarity Metric 30 4.2.2 Selection of A 31 4.2.3 Re-ranking Procedure 32 Chapter 5 Robust Trajectory Matching in Dense Scene Settings 35 5.1 Overall Scheme 35 5.2 Similarity Matrix Generation 39 5.3 Stable Boundary Selection 40 5.4 Trajectory Smoothing 42 5.5 Detection Restoration 46 5.6 Trajectory Merging Process 48 Chapter 6 Experiments 51 6.1 Dataset and Evaluation Metric 51 6.1.1 Trajectory Matching in Overlapping Camera Settings 51 6.1.2 Trajectory Matching in Non-overlapping Camera Settings 52 6.1.3 Robust Trajectory Matching in Dense Scene Settings 53 6.2 Results and Discussion 56 6.2.1 Trajectory Matching in Overlapping Camera Settings 56 6.2.2 Trajectory Matching in Non-overlapping Camera Settings 56 6.2.3 Robust Trajectory Matching in Dense Scene Settings 62 Chapter 7 Conclusions and Future Works 81 7.1 Concluding Remarks 81 7.2 Future Works 83 Abstract 97Docto

Region-based Appearance and Flow Characteristics for Anomaly Detection in Infrared Surveillance Imagery

Anomaly detection is a classical problem within automated visual surveillance, namely the determination of the normal from the abnormal when operational data availability is highly biased towards one class (normal) due to both insufficient sample size, and inadequate distribution coverage for the other class (abnormal). In this work, we propose the dual use of both visual appearance and localized motion characteristics, derived from optic flow, applied on a per-region basis to facilitate object-wise anomaly detection within this context. Leveraging established object localization techniques from a region proposal network, optic flow is extracted from each object region and combined with appearance in the far infrared (thermal) band to give a 3-channel spatiotemporal tensor representation for each object (1 × thermal - spatial appearance; 2 × optic flow magnitude as x and y components - temporal motion). This formulation is used as the basis for training contemporary semi-supervised anomaly detection approaches in a region-based manner such that anomalous objects can be detected as a combination of appearance and/or motion within the scene. Evaluation is performed using the LongTerm infrared (thermal) Imaging (LTD) benchmark dataset against which successful detection of both anomalous object appearance and motion characteristics are demonstrated using a range of semi-supervised anomaly detection approaches

Towards automated visual surveillance using gait for identity recognition and tracking across multiple non-intersecting cameras

Despite the fact that personal privacy has become a major concern, surveillance technology is now becoming ubiquitous in modern society. This is mainly due to the increasing number of crimes as well as the essential necessity to provide secure and safer environment. Recent research studies have confirmed now the possibility of recognizing people by the way they walk i.e. gait. The aim of this research study is to investigate the use of gait for people detection as well as identification across different cameras. We present a new approach for people tracking and identification between different non-intersecting un-calibrated stationary cameras based on gait analysis. A vision-based markerless extraction method is being deployed for the derivation of gait kinematics as well as anthropometric measurements in order to produce a gait signature. The novelty of our approach is motivated by the recent research in biometrics and forensic analysis using gait. The experimental results affirmed the robustness of our approach to successfully detect walking people as well as its potency to extract gait features for different camera viewpoints achieving an identity recognition rate of 73.6 % processed for 2270 video sequences. Furthermore, experimental results confirmed the potential of the proposed method for identity tracking in real surveillance systems to recognize walking individuals across different views with an average recognition rate of 92.5 % for cross-camera matching for two different non-overlapping views.<br/