100,379 research outputs found
Coherent imaging of extended objects
When used with coherent light, optical imaging systems, even
diffraction-limited, are inherently unable to reproduce both the amplitude and
the phase of a two-dimensional field distribution because their impulse
response function varies slowly from point to point (a property known as
non-isoplanatism). For sufficiently small objects, this usually results in a
phase distortion and has no impact on the measured intensity. Here, we show
that the intensity distribution can also be dramatically distorted when objects
of large extension or of special shapes are imaged. We illustrate the problem
using two simple examples: the pinhole camera and the aberration-free thin
lens. The effects predicted by our theorical analysis are also confirmed by
experimental observations.Comment: 10 pages, 9 figures, submitted to Optics Communication
Nonlinear dynamics of waves and modulated waves in 1D thermocapillary flows. I: General presentation and periodic solutions
We present experimental results on hydrothermal traveling-waves dynamics in
long and narrow 1D channels. The onset of primary traveling-wave patterns is
briefly presented for different fluid heights and for annular or bounded
channels, i.e., within periodic or non-periodic boundary conditions. For
periodic boundary conditions, by increasing the control parameter or changing
the discrete mean-wavenumber of the waves, we produce modulated waves patterns.
These patterns range from stable periodic phase-solutions, due to supercritical
Eckhaus instability, to spatio-temporal defect-chaos involving traveling holes
and/or counter-propagating-waves competition, i.e., traveling sources and
sinks. The transition from non-linearly saturated Eckhaus modulations to
transient pattern-breaks by traveling holes and spatio-temporal defects is
documented. Our observations are presented in the framework of coupled complex
Ginzburg-Landau equations with additional fourth and fifth order terms which
account for the reflection symmetry breaking at high wave-amplitude far from
onset. The second part of this paper (nlin.PS/0208030) extends this study to
spatially non-periodic patterns observed in both annular and bounded channel.Comment: 45 pages, 21 figures (elsart.cls + AMS extensions). Accepted in
Physica D. See also companion paper "Nonlinear dynamics of waves and
modulated waves in 1D thermocapillary flows. II: Convective/absolute
transitions" (nlin.PS/0208030). A version with high resolution figures is
available on N.G. web pag
Ion dynamics and coherent structure formation following laser pulse self-channeling
The propagation of a superintense laser pulse in an underdense, inhomogeneous
plasma has been studied numerically by two-dimensional particle-in-cell
simulations on a time scale extending up to several picoseconds. The effects of
the ion dynamics following the charge-displacement self-channeling of the laser
pulse have been addressed. Radial ion acceleration leads to the ``breaking'' of
the plasma channel walls, causing an inversion of the radial space-charge field
and the filamentation of the laser pulse. At later times a number of
long-lived, quasi-periodic field structures are observed and their dynamics is
characterized with high resolution. Inside the plasma channel, a pattern of
electric and magnetic fields resembling both soliton- and vortex-like
structures is observed.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures (visit http://www.df.unipi.it/~macchi to download
a high-resolution version), to appear in Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion
(Dec. 2007), special issue containing invited papers from the 34th EPS
Conference on Plasma Physics (Warsaw, July 2007
Geometry-induced pulse instability in microdesigned catalysts: the effect of boundary curvature
We explore the effect of boundary curvature on the instability of reactive
pulses in the catalytic oxidation of CO on microdesigned Pt catalysts. Using
ring-shaped domains of various radii, we find that the pulses disappear
(decollate from the inert boundary) at a turning point bifurcation, and trace
this boundary in both physical and geometrical parameter space. These
computations corroborate experimental observations of pulse decollation.Comment: submitted to Phys. Rev.
Integrating Nanosphere Lithography in Device Fabrication
This paper discusses the integration of nanosphere lithography (NSL) with other fabrication techniques, allowing for nano-scaled features to be realized within larger microelectromechanical system (MEMS) based devices. Nanosphere self-patterning methods have been researched for over three decades, but typically not for use as a lithography process. Only recently has progress been made towards integrating many of the best practices from these publications and determining a process that yields large areas of coverage, with repeatability and enabled a process for precise placement of nanospheres relative to other features. Discussed are two of the more common self-patterning methods used in NSL (i.e. spin-coating and dip coating) as well as a more recently conceived variation of dip coating. Recent work has suggested the repeatability of any method depends on a number of variables, so to better understand how these variables affect the process a series of test vessels were developed and fabricated. Commercially available 3-D printing technology was used to incrementally alter the test vessels allowing for each variable to be investigated individually. With these deposition vessels, NSL can now be used in conjunction with other fabrication steps to integrate features otherwise unattainable through current methods, within the overall fabrication process of larger MEMS devices. Patterned regions in 1800 series photoresist with a thickness of ~700nm are used to capture regions of self-assembled nanospheres. These regions are roughly 2-5 microns in width, and are able to control the placement of 500nm polystyrene spheres by controlling where monolayer self-assembly occurs. The resulting combination of photoresist and nanospheres can then be used with traditional deposition or etch methods to utilize these fine scale features in the overall design
Kibble-Zurek mechanism in curved elastic surface crystals
Topological defects shape the material and transport properties of physical
systems. Examples range from vortex lines in quantum superfluids,
defect-mediated buckling of graphene, and grain boundaries in ferromagnets and
colloidal crystals, to domain structures formed in the early universe. The
Kibble-Zurek (KZ) mechanism describes the topological defect formation in
continuous non-equilibrium phase transitions with a constant finite quench
rate. Universal KZ scaling laws have been verified experimentally and
numerically for second-order transitions in planar Euclidean geometries, but
their validity for discontinuous first-order transitions in curved and
topologically nontrivial systems still poses an open question. Here, we use
recent experimentally confirmed theory to investigate topological defect
formation in curved elastic surface crystals formed by stress-quenching a
bilayer material. Studying both spherical and toroidal crystals, we find that
the defect densities follow KZ-type power laws independent of surface geometry
and topology. Moreover, the nucleation sequences agree with recent experimental
observations for spherical colloidal crystals. These results suggest that KZ
scaling laws hold for a much broader class of dynamical phase transitions than
previously thought, including non-thermal first-order transitions in non-planar
geometries.Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures; introduction and typos correcte
Acoustic black holes in a two-dimensional "photon-fluid"
Optical field fluctuations in self-defocusing media can be described in terms
of sound waves in a 2D photon-fluid. It is shown that, while the background
fluid couples with the usual flat metric, sound-like waves experience an
effective curved spacetime determined by the physical properties of the flow.
In an optical cavity configuration, the background spacetime can be suitably
controlled by the driving beam allowing the formation of acoustic ergoregions
and event horizons. An experiment simulating the main features of the rotating
black hole geometry is proposed.Comment: revised versio
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