5,986 research outputs found
Development of a compact, IoT-enabled electronic nose for breath analysis
In this paper, we report on an in-house developed electronic nose (E-nose) for use with breath analysis. The unit consists of an array of 10 micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) metal oxide (MOX) gas sensors produced by seven manufacturers. Breath sampling of end-tidal breath is achieved using a heated sample tube, capable of monitoring sampling-related parameters, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), humidity, and temperature. A simple mobile app was developed to receive real-time data from the device, using Wi-Fi communication. The system has been tested using chemical standards and exhaled breath samples from healthy volunteers, before and after taking a peppermint capsule. Results from chemical testing indicate that we can separate chemical standards (acetone, isopropanol and 1-propanol) and different concentrations of isobutylene. The analysis of exhaled breath samples demonstrate that we can distinguish between pre- and post-consumption of peppermint capsules; area under the curve (AUC): 0.81, sensitivity: 0.83 (0.59â0.96), specificity: 0.72 (0.47â0.90), p-value: <0.001. The functionality of the developed device has been demonstrated with the testing of chemical standards and a simplified breath study using peppermint capsules. It is our intention to deploy this system in a UK hospital in an upcoming breath research study
The detection of patients at risk of gastrointestinal toxicity during pelvic radiotherapy by electronic nose and FAIMS : a pilot study
It is well known that the electronic nose can be used to identify differences between human health and disease for a range of disorders. We present a pilot study to investigate if the electronic nose and a newer technology, FAIMS (Field Asymmetric Ion Mobility Spectrometry), can be used to identify and help inform the treatment pathway for patients receiving pelvic radiotherapy, which frequently causes gastrointestinal side-effects, severe in some. From a larger group, 23 radiotherapy patients were selected where half had the highest levels of toxicity and the others the lowest. Stool samples were obtained before and four weeks after radiotherapy and the volatiles and gases emitted analysed by both methods; these chemicals are products of fermentation caused by gut microflora. Principal component analysis of the electronic nose data and wavelet transform followed by Fisher discriminant analysis of FAIMS data indicated that it was possible to separate patients after treatment by their toxicity levels. More interestingly, differences were also identified in their pre-treatment samples. We believe these patterns arise from differences in gut microflora where some combinations of bacteria result to give this olfactory signature. In the future our approach may result in a technique that will help identify patients at âhigh riskâ even before radiation treatment is started
Advances in Electronic-Nose Technologies Developed for Biomedical Applications
The research and development of new electronic-nose applications in the biomedical field has accelerated at a phenomenal rate over the past 25 years. Many innovative e-nose technologies have provided solutions and applications to a wide variety of complex biomedical and healthcare problems. The purposes of this review are to present a comprehensive analysis of past and recent biomedical research findings and developments of electronic-nose sensor technologies, and to identify current and future potential e-nose applications that will continue to advance the effectiveness and efficiency of biomedical treatments and healthcare services for many years. An abundance of electronic-nose applications has been developed for a variety of healthcare sectors including diagnostics, immunology, pathology, patient recovery, pharmacology, physical therapy, physiology, preventative medicine, remote healthcare, and wound and graft healing. Specific biomedical e-nose applications range from uses in biochemical testing, blood-compatibility evaluations, disease diagnoses, and drug delivery to monitoring of metabolic levels, organ dysfunctions, and patient conditions through telemedicine. This paper summarizes the major electronic-nose technologies developed for healthcare and biomedical applications since the late 1980s when electronic aroma detection technologies were first recognized to be potentially useful in providing effective solutions to problems in the healthcare industry
Expiratory flow rate, breath hold and anatomic dead space influence electronic nose ability to detect lung cancer
BACKGROUND: Electronic noses are composites of nanosensor arrays. Numerous studies showed their potential to detect lung cancer from breath samples by analysing exhaled volatile compound pattern ("breathprint"). Expiratory flow rate, breath hold and inclusion of anatomic dead space may influence the exhaled levels of some volatile compounds; however it has not been fully addressed how these factors affect electronic nose data. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate these effects. METHODS: 37 healthy subjects (44 +/- 14 years) and 27 patients with lung cancer (60 +/- 10 years) participated in the study. After deep inhalation through a volatile organic compound filter, subjects exhaled at two different flow rates (50 ml/sec and 75 ml/sec) into Teflon-coated bags. The effect of breath hold was analysed after 10 seconds of deep inhalation. We also studied the effect of anatomic dead space by excluding this fraction and comparing alveolar air to mixed (alveolar + anatomic dead space) air samples. Exhaled air samples were processed with Cyranose 320 electronic nose. RESULTS: Expiratory flow rate, breath hold and the inclusion of anatomic dead space significantly altered "breathprints" in healthy individuals (p 0.05). These factors also influenced the discrimination ability of the electronic nose to detect lung cancer significantly. CONCLUSIONS: We have shown that expiratory flow, breath hold and dead space influence exhaled volatile compound pattern assessed with electronic nose. These findings suggest critical methodological recommendations to standardise sample collections for electronic nose measurements
Low-Cost Lung Cancer Detection Using Machine Learning on Breath Samples
In recent years, electronic nose devices have become a popular approach for
identifying respiratory disorders including lung cancer. Traditional e-nose
systems have had very consistent principles and patterns of sensor responses.
After coming to the realization that detecting cancer at early stages can save
99 percent of lives, it has become imperative to design a machine that can
easily detect for lung cancer(the most common type of cancer) in a
cost-effective and accurate way. Designing an Al Nose was a perfect way to
counteract the problem. A tiny e-nose system with 14 gas sensors of four types
was created and fifty breath samples were analyzed. Five feature extraction
techniques and two classifiers were used to test the system's efficiency in
recognizing and discriminating lung cancer from other respiratory disorders and
healthy controls. Finally, the impact of different sensor types on the capacity
of e-nose systems to identify objects was investigated. The sensitivity,
specificity, and accuracy of distinguishing lung cancer patients from healthy
controls are 91.58 percent, 91.72 percent, and 91.59 percent, respectively,
when utilizing the DA fuzzy 5-NIN classification approach. The findings imply
that type-specific sensors might improve the diagnostic accuracy of e-nose
devices greatly. These findings indicated that the e-nose system described in
this work might be used in lung cancer screening with good results.
Furthermore, while creating e-nose systems, it is critical to consider
type-different sensors. This machine covers all aspects to most effectively
develop a machine that can detect lung cancer that is user-friendly and low
cost
Gas sensing technologies -- status, trends, perspectives and novel applications
The strong, continuous progresses in gas sensors and electronic noses
resulted in improved performance and enabled an increasing range of
applications with large impact on modern societies, such as environmental
monitoring, food quality control and diagnostics by breath analysis. Here we
review this field with special attention to established and emerging approaches
as well as the most recent breakthroughs, challenges and perspectives. In
particular, we focus on (1) the transduction principles employed in different
architectures of gas sensors, analysing their advantages and limitations; (2)
the sensing layers including recent trends toward nanostructured,
low-dimensional and composite materials; (3) advances in signal processing
methodologies, including the recent advent of artificial neural networks.
Finally, we conclude with a summary on the latest achievements and trends in
terms of applications.Comment: arXiv admin comment: This version has been removed by arXiv
administrators as the submitter did not have the rights to agree to the
license at the time of submissio
Cancer detection using an electronic nose: A preliminary study on detection and discrimination of cancerous cells
Lack of effective tools to diagnose lung cancer at
an early stage has caused high mortality in cancer patients
especially in lung cancer patients. Electronic nose (E-Nose)
technology is believed to offer non-invasive, rapid and reliable
analytic approach by measuring the odour released from
cancer to assist medical diagnosis. In this work, using a
commercial E-nose (Cyranose-320), we aimed to detect the
volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by different types
of cancerous cells. The lung cancer cell (A549) and breast
cancer cell (MCF-7) were used for this study. Both cells were
cultured using Dulbeccoâs Modified Eagleâs Medium (DMEM)
with 10% of Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) and incubated for three
days. The static headspace of cell cultures and blank medium
were directly sniffed by Cyranose-320. The preliminary results
from this study showed that, the E-nose is able to detect and
distinguish the presence of VOCs in cancerous cells with
accuracy of 100% using LDA. To this end, the VOCs emitted
from cancerous cells can potentially used as biomarker
Applications and Advances in Electronic-Nose Technologies
Electronic-nose devices have received considerable attention in the field of sensor technology during the past twenty years, largely due to the discovery of numerous applications derived from research in diverse fields of applied sciences. Recent applications of electronic nose technologies have come through advances in sensor design, material improvements, software innovations and progress in microcircuitry design and systems integration. The invention of many new e-nose sensor types and arrays, based on different detection principles and mechanisms, is closely correlated with the expansion of new applications. Electronic noses have provided a plethora of benefits to a variety of commercial industries, including the agricultural, biomedical, cosmetics, environmental, food, manufacturing, military, pharmaceutical, regulatory, and various scientific research fields. Advances have improved product attributes, uniformity, and consistency as a result of increases in quality control capabilities afforded by electronic-nose monitoring of all phases of industrial manufacturing processes. This paper is a review of the major electronic-nose technologies, developed since this specialized field was born and became prominent in the mid 1980s, and a summarization of some of the more important and useful applications that have been of greatest benefit to man
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