A Comprehensive Overview of Classical and Modern Route Planning Algorithms for Self-Driving Mobile Robots

Mobile robots are increasingly being applied in a variety of sectors, including agricultural, firefighting, and search and rescue operations. Robotics and autonomous technology research and development have played a major role in making this possible. Before a robot can reliably and effectively navigate a space without human aid, there are still several challenges to be addressed. When planning a path to its destination, the robot should be able to gather information from its surroundings and take the appropriate actions to avoid colliding with obstacles along the way. The following review analyses and compares 200 articles from two databases, Scopus and IEEE Xplore, and selects 60 articles as references from those articles. This evaluation focuses mostly on the accuracy of the different path-planning algorithms. Common collision-free path planning methodologies are examined in this paper, including classical or traditional and modern intelligence techniques, as well as both global and local approaches, in static and dynamic environments. Classical or traditional methods, such as Roadmaps (Visibility Graph and Voronoi Diagram), Potential Fields, and Cell Decomposition, and modern methodologies such as heuristic-based (Dijkstra Method, A* Algorithms, and D* Algorithms), metaheuristics algorithms (such as PSO, Bat Algorithm, ACO, and Genetic Algorithm), and neural systems such as fuzzy neural networks or fuzzy logic (FL) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) are described in this report. In this study, we outline the ideas, benefits, and downsides of modeling and path-searching technologies for a mobile robot

Optimizing UAV Navigation: A Particle Swarm Optimization Approach for Path Planning in 3D Environments

This study explores the application of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) path planning within a simulated three-dimensional environment. UAVs, increasingly prevalent across various sectors, demand efficient navigation solutions that account for dynamic and unpredictable elements. Traditional pathfinding algorithms often fall short in complex scenarios, hence the shift towards PSO, a bio-inspired algorithm recognized for its adaptability and robustness. We developed a Python-based framework to simulate the UAV path planning scenario. The PSO algorithm was tasked to navigate a UAV from a starting point to a predetermined destination while avoiding spherical obstacles. The environment was set within a 3D grid with a series of waypoints, marking the UAV's trajectory, generated by the PSO to ensure obstacle avoidance and path optimization. The PSO parameters were meticulously tuned to balance the exploration and exploitation of the search space, with an emphasis on computational efficiency. A cost function penalizing proximity to obstacles guided the PSO in real-time decision-making, resulting in a collision-free and optimized path. The UAV's trajectory was visualized in both 2D and 3D perspectives, with the analysis focusing on the path's smoothness, length, and adherence to spatial constraints. The results affirm the PSO's effectiveness in UAV path planning, successfully avoiding obstacles and minimizing path length. The findings highlight PSO's potential for practical UAV applications, emphasizing the importance of parameter optimization. This research contributes to the advancement of autonomous UAV navigation, indicating PSO as a viable solution for real-world path planning challenges

Beetle Colony Optimization Algorithm and its Application

Massive data sets and complex scheduling processes have high-dimensional and non-convex features bringing challenges on various applications. With deep insight into the bio-heuristic opinion, we propose a novel Beetle Colony Optimization (BCO) being able to adapt NP-hard issues to meet growing application demands. Two important mechanisms are introduced into the proposed BCO algorithm. The first one is Beetle Antennae Search (BAS), which is a mechanism of random search along the gradient direction but not use gradient information at all. The second one is swarm intelligence, which is a collective mechanism of decentralized and self-organized agents. Both of them have reached a performance balance to elevate the proposed algorithm to maintain a wide search horizon and high search efficiency. Finally, our algorithm is applied to traveling salesman problem, and quadratic assignment problem and possesses excellent performance, which also shows that the algorithm has good applicability from the side. The effectiveness of the algorithm is also substantiated by comparing the results with the original ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm in 3D simulation model experimental path planning

Path planning for general mazes

Path planning is used in, but not limited to robotics, telemetry, aerospace, and medical applications. The goal of the path planning is to identify a route from an origination point to a destination point while avoiding obstacles. This path might not always be the shortest in distance as time, terrain, speed limits, and many other factors can affect the optimality of the path. However, in this thesis, the length, computational time, and the smoothness of the path are the only constraints that will be considered with the length of the path being the most important. There are a variety of algorithms that can be used for path planning but Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), Neural Network, and A* will be the only algorithms explored in this thesis. The problem of solving general mazes has been greatly researched, but the contributions of this thesis extended Ant Colony Optimization to path planning for mazes, created a new landscape for the Neural Network to use, and added a bird\u27s eye view to the A* Algorithm. The Ant Colony Optimization that was used in this thesis was able to discover a path to the goal, but it was jagged and required a larger computational time compared to the Neural Network and A* algorithm discussed in this thesis. The Hopfield-type neural network used in this thesis propagated energy to create a landscape and used gradient decent to find the shortest path in terms of distance, but this thesis modified how the landscape was created to prevent the neural network from getting trapped in local minimas. The last contribution was applying a bird\u27s eye view to the A* algorithm to learn more about the environment which helped to create shorter and smoother paths

Towards use of Dijkstra Algorithm for Optimal Navigation of an Unmanned Surface Vehicle in a Real-Time Marine Environment with Results from Artificial Potential Field

The growing need of ocean surveying and exploration for scientific and industrial application has led to the requirement of routing strategies for ocean vehicles which are optimal in nature. Most of the optimal path planning for marine vehicles had been conducted offline in a self‐made environment. This paper takes into account a practical marine environment, i.e. Portsmouth Harbour, for finding an optimal path in terms of computational time between source and end points on a real time map for an USV. The current study makes use of a grid map generated from original and uses a Dijkstra algorithm to find the shortest path for a single USV. In order to benchmark the study, a path planning study using a well‐known local path planning method artificial path planning (APF) has been conducted in a real time marine environment and effectiveness is measured in terms of path length and computational time

Bio-Inspired Obstacle Avoidance: from Animals to Intelligent Agents

A considerable amount of research in the field of modern robotics deals with mobile agents and their autonomous operation in unstructured, dynamic, and unpredictable environments. Designing robust controllers that map sensory input to action in order to avoid obstacles remains a challenging task. Several biological concepts are amenable to autonomous navigation and reactive obstacle avoidance. We present an overview of most noteworthy, elaborated, and interesting biologically-inspired approaches for solving the obstacle avoidance problem. We categorize these approaches into three groups: nature inspired optimization, reinforcement learning, and biorobotics. We emphasize the advantages and highlight potential drawbacks of each approach. We also identify the benefits of using biological principles in artificial intelligence in various research areas