Generic Subsequence Matching Framework: Modularity, Flexibility, Efficiency

Subsequence matching has appeared to be an ideal approach for solving many problems related to the fields of data mining and similarity retrieval. It has been shown that almost any data class (audio, image, biometrics, signals) is or can be represented by some kind of time series or string of symbols, which can be seen as an input for various subsequence matching approaches. The variety of data types, specific tasks and their partial or full solutions is so wide that the choice, implementation and parametrization of a suitable solution for a given task might be complicated and time-consuming; a possibly fruitful combination of fragments from different research areas may not be obvious nor easy to realize. The leading authors of this field also mention the implementation bias that makes difficult a proper comparison of competing approaches. Therefore we present a new generic Subsequence Matching Framework (SMF) that tries to overcome the aforementioned problems by a uniform frame that simplifies and speeds up the design, development and evaluation of subsequence matching related systems. We identify several relatively separate subtasks solved differently over the literature and SMF enables to combine them in straightforward manner achieving new quality and efficiency. This framework can be used in many application domains and its components can be reused effectively. Its strictly modular architecture and openness enables also involvement of efficient solutions from different fields, for instance efficient metric-based indexes. This is an extended version of a paper published on DEXA 2012.Comment: This is an extended version of a paper published on DEXA 201

ALBAYZIN Query-by-example Spoken Term Detection 2016 evaluation

[EN] Query-by-example Spoken Term Detection (QbE STD) aims to retrieve data from a speech repository given an acoustic (spoken) query containing the term of interest as the input. This paper presents the systems submitted to the ALBAYZIN QbE STD 2016 Evaluation held as a part of the ALBAYZIN 2016 Evaluation Campaign at the IberSPEECH 2016 conference. Special attention was given to the evaluation design so that a thorough post-analysis of the main results could be carried out. Two different Spanish speech databases, which cover different acoustic and language domains, were used in the evaluation: the MAVIR database, which consists of a set of talks from workshops, and the EPIC database, which consists of a set of European Parliament sessions in Spanish. We present the evaluation design, both databases, the evaluation metric, the systems submitted to the evaluation, the results, and a thorough analysis and discussion. Four different research groups participated in the evaluation, and a total of eight template matching-based systems were submitted. We compare the systems submitted to the evaluation and make an in-depth analysis based on some properties of the spoken queries, such as query length, single-word/multi-word queries, and in-language/out-of-language queries.This work was partially supported by Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (FCT) under the projects UID/EEA/50008/2013 (pluriannual funding in the scope of the LETSREAD project) and UID/CEC/50021/2013, and Grant SFRH/BD/97187/2013. Jorge Proenca is supported by the SFRH/BD/97204/2013 FCT Grant. This work was also supported by the Galician Government ('Centro singular de investigacion de Galicia' accreditation 2016-2019 ED431G/01 and the research contract GRC2014/024 (Modalidade: Grupos de Referencia Competitiva 2014)), the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), the projects "DSSL: Redes Profundas y Modelos de Subespacios para Deteccion y Seguimiento de Locutor, Idioma y Enfermedades Degenerativas a partir de la Voz" (TEC2015-68172-C2-1-P) and the TIN2015-64282-R funded by Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad in Spain, the Spanish Government through the project "TraceThem" (TEC2015-65345-P), and AtlantTIC ED431G/04.Tejedor, J.; Toledano, DT.; Lopez-Otero, P.; Docio-Fernandez, L.; Proença, J.; Perdigão, F.; García-Granada, F.... (2018). ALBAYZIN Query-by-example Spoken Term Detection 2016 evaluation. EURASIP Journal on Audio, Speech and Music Processing. 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13636-018-0125-9S125Jarina, R, Kuba, M, Gubka, R, Chmulik, M, Paralic, M (2013). UNIZA system for the spoken web search task at MediaEval 2013. In Proc. of MediaEval. Ruzica Piskac, New Haven, (pp. 791–792).Ali, A, & Clements, MA (2013). Spoken web search using and ergodic hidden Markov model of speech. In Proc. of MediaEval. Ruzica Piskac, New Haven, (pp. 861–862).Buzo, A, Cucu, H, Burileanu, C (2014). SpeeD@MediaEval 2014: Spoken term detection with robust multilingual phone recognition. In Proc. of MediaEval. Ruzica Piskac, New Haven, (pp. 721–722).Caranica, A, Buzo, A, Cucu, H, Burileanu, C (2015). SpeeD@MediaEval 2015: Multilingual phone recognition approach to Query By Example STD. In Proc. of MediaEval. Ruzica Piskac, New Haven, (pp. 781–783).Kesiraju, S, Mantena, G, Prahallad, K (2014). IIIT-H system for MediaEval 2014 QUESST. In Proc. of MediaEval. Ruzica Piskac, New Haven, (pp. 761–762).Ma, M, & Rosenberg, A (2015). CUNY systems for the Query-by-Example search on speech task at MediaEval 2015. In Proc. of MediaEval. Ruzica Piskac, New Haven, (pp. 831–833).Takahashi, J, Hashimoto, T, Konno, R, Sugawara, S, Ouchi, K, Oshima, S, Akyu, T, Itoh, Y (2014). An IWAPU STD system for OOV query terms and spoken queries. In Proc. of NTCIR-11. National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, (pp. 384–389).Makino, M, & Kai, A (2014). Combining subword and state-level dissimilarity measures for improved spoken term detection in NTCIR-11 SpokenQuery & Doc task. In Proc. of NTCIR-11. National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, (pp. 413–418).Konno, R, Ouchi, K, Obara, M, Shimizu, Y, Chiba, T, Hirota, T, Itoh, Y (2016). An STD system using multiple STD results and multiple rescoring method for NTCIR-12 SpokenQuery & Doc task. In Proc. of NTCIR-12. National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, (pp. 200–204).Sakamoto, N, Yamamoto, K, Nakagawa, S (2015). Combination of syllable based N-gram search and word search for spoken term detection through spoken queries and IV/OOV classification. In Proc. of ASRU. IEEE, New York, (pp. 200–206).Hou, J, Pham, VT, Leung, C-C, Wang, L, 2, HX, Lv, H, Xie, L, Fu, Z, Ni, C, Xiao, X, Chen, H, Zhang, S, Sun, S, Yuan, Y, Li, P, Nwe, TL, Sivadas, S, Ma, B, Chng, ES, Li, H (2015). The NNI Query-by-Example system for MediaEval 2015. In Proc. of MediaEval. Ruzica Piskac, New Haven, (pp. 141–143).Vavrek, J, Viszlay, P, Lojka, M, Pleva, M, Juhar, J, Rusko, M (2015). TUKE at MediaEval 2015 QUESST. In Proc. of MediaEval. Ruzica Piskac, New Haven, (pp. 451–453).Mantena, G, Achanta, S, Prahallad, K (2014). Query-by-example spoken term detection using frequency domain linear prediction and non-segmental dynamic time warping. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech and Language Processing, 22(5), 946–955.Anguera, X, & Ferrarons, M (2013). Memory efficient subsequence DTW for query-by-example spoken term detection. In Proc. of ICME. IEEE, New York, (pp. 1–6).Tulsiani, H, & Rao, P (2015). The IIT-B Query-by-Example system for MediaEval 2015. In Proc. of MediaEval. Ruzica Piskac, New Haven, (pp. 341–343).Bouallegue, M, Senay, G, Morchid, M, Matrouf, D, Linares, G, Dufour, R (2013). LIA@MediaEval 2013 spoken web search task: An I-Vector based approach. In Proc. of MediaEval. Ruzica Piskac, New Haven, (pp. 771–772).Rodriguez-Fuentes, LJ, Varona, A, Penagarikano, M, Bordel, G, Diez, M (2013). GTTS systems for the SWS task at MediaEval 2013. In Proc. of MediaEval. Ruzica Piskac, New Haven, (pp. 831–832).Wang, H, Lee, T, Leung, C-C, Ma, B, Li, H (2013). Using parallel tokenizers with DTW matrix combination for low-resource spoken term detection. In Proc. of ICASSP. IEEE, New York, (pp. 8545–8549).Wang, H, & Lee, T (2013). The CUHK spoken web search system for MediaEval 2013. In Proc. of MediaEval. Ruzica Piskac, New Haven, (pp. 681–682).Proenca, J, Veiga, A, Perdigão, F (2014). The SPL-IT query by example search on speech system for MediaEval 2014. In Proc. of MediaEval. Ruzica Piskac, New Haven, (pp. 741–742).Proenca, J, Veiga, A, Perdigao, F (2015). Query by example search with segmented dynamic time warping for non-exact spoken queries. In Proc. of EUSIPCO. Springer, Berlin, (pp. 1691–1695).Proenca, J, Castela, L, Perdigao, F (2015). The SPL-IT-UC Query by Example search on speech system for MediaEval 2015. In Proc. of MediaEval. Ruzica Piskac, New Haven, (pp. 471–473).Proenca, J, & Perdigao, F (2016). Segmented dynamic time warping for spoken Query-by-Example search. In Proc. of Interspeech. ISCA, Baixas, (pp. 750–754).Lopez-Otero, P, Docio-Fernandez, L, Garcia-Mateo, C (2015). GTM-UVigo systems for the Query-by-Example search on speech task at MediaEval 2015. In Proc. of MediaEval. Ruzica Piskac, New Haven, (pp. 521–523).Lopez-Otero, P, Docio-Fernandez, L, Garcia-Mateo, C (2015). Phonetic unit selection for cross-lingual Query-by-Example spoken term detection. In Proc. of ASRU. IEEE, New York, (pp. 223–229).Saxena, A, & Yegnanarayana, B (2015). Distinctive feature based representation of speech for Query-by-Example spoken term detection. In Proc. of Interspeech. ISCA, Baixas, (pp. 3680–3684).Skacel, M, & Szöke, I (2015). BUT QUESST 2015 system description. In Proc. of MediaEval. Ruzica Piskac, New Haven, (pp. 721–723).Chen, H, Leung, C-C, Xie, L, Ma, B, Li, H (2016). Unsupervised bottleneck features for low-resource Query-by-Example spoken term detection. In Proc. of Interspeech. ISCA, Baixas, (pp. 923–927).Yuan, Y, Leung, C-C, Xie, L, Chen, H, Ma, B, Li, H (2017). Pairwise learning using multi-lingual bottleneck features for low-resource Query-by-Example spoken term detection. In Proc. of ICASSP. IEEE, New York, (pp. 5645–5649).Torbati, AHHN, & Picone, J (2016). A nonparametric Bayesian approach for spoken term detection by example query. In Proc. of Interspeech. ISCA, Baixas, (pp. 928–932).Popli, A, & Kumar, A (2015). Query-by-example spoken term detection using low dimensional posteriorgrams motivated by articulatory classes. In Proc. of MMSP. IEEE, New York, (pp. 1–6).Yang, P, Leung, C-C, Xie, L, Ma, B, Li, H (2014). Intrinsic spectral analysis based on temporal context features for query-by-example spoken term detection. In Proc. of Interspeech. ISCA, Baixas, (pp. 1722–1726).George, B, Saxena, A, Mantena, G, Prahallad, K, Yegnanarayana, B (2014). Unsupervised query-by-example spoken term detection using bag of acoustic words and non-segmental dynamic time warping. In Proc. of Interspeech. ISCA, Baixas, (pp. 1742–1746).Hazen, TJ, Shen, W, White, CM (2009). Query-by-example spoken term detection using phonetic posteriorgram templates. In Proc. of ASRU. IEEE, New York, (pp. 421–426).Abad, A, Astudillo, RF, Trancoso, I (2013). The L2F spoken web search system for mediaeval 2013. In Proc. of MediaEval. Ruzica Piskac, New Haven, (pp. 851–852).Szöke, I, Skácel, M, Burget, L (2014). BUT QUESST 2014 system description. In Proc. of MediaEval. Ruzica Piskac, New Haven, (pp. 621–622).Szöke, I, Burget, L, Grézl, F, Černocký, JH, Ondel, L (2014). Calibration and fusion of query-by-example systems - BUT SWS 2013. In Proc. of ICASSP. IEEE, New York, (pp. 621–622).Abad, A, Rodríguez-Fuentes, LJ, Penagarikano, M, Varona, A, Bordel, G (2013). On the calibration and fusion of heterogeneous spoken term detection systems. In Proc. of Interspeech. ISCA, Baixas, (pp. 20–24).Yang, P, Xu, H, Xiao, X, Xie, L, Leung, C-C, Chen, H, Yu, J, Lv, H, Wang, L, Leow, SJ, Ma, B, Chng, ES, Li, H (2014). The NNI query-by-example system for MediaEval 2014. In Proc. of MediaEval. Ruzica Piskac, New Haven, (pp. 691–692).Leung, C-C, Wang, L, Xu, H, Hou, J, Pham, VT, Lv, H, Xie, L, Xiao, X, Ni, C, Ma, B, Chng, ES, Li, H (2016). Toward high-performance language-independent Query-by-Example spoken term detection for MediaEval 2015: Post-evaluation analysis. In Proc. of Interspeech. ISCA, Baixas, (pp. 3703–3707).Xu, H, Hou, J, Xiao, X, Pham, VT, Leung, C-C, Wang, L, Do, VH, Lv, H, Xie, L, Ma, B, Chng, ES, Li, H (2016). Approximate search of audio queries by using DTW with phone time boundary and data augmentation. In Proc. of ICASSP. IEEE, New York, (pp. 6030–6034).Oishi, S, Matsuba, T, Makino, M, Kai, A (2016). Combining state-level and DNN-based acoustic matches for efficient spoken term detection in NTCIR-12 SpokenQuery &Doc-2 task. In Proc. of NTCIR-12. National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, (pp. 205–210).Oishi, S, Matsuba, T, Makino, M, Kai, A (2016). Combining state-level spotting and posterior-based acoustic match for improved query-by-example spoken term detection. In Proc. of Interspeech. ISCA, Baixas, (pp. 740–744).Obara, M, Kojima, K, Tanaka, K, Lee, S-w, Itoh, Y (2016). Rescoring by combination of posteriorgram score and subword-matching score for use in Query-by-Example. In Proc. of Interspeech. ISCA, Baixas, (pp. 1918–1922).NIST. The Ninth Text REtrieval Conference (TREC 9). http://trec.nist.gov . Accessed Feb 2018.Anguera, X, Rodriguez-Fuentes, LJ, Szöke, I, Buzo, A, Metze, F (2014). Query by Example Search on Speech at Mediaeval 2014. In Proc. of MediaEval. Ruzica Piskac, New Haven, (pp. 351–352).Joho, H, & Kishida, K (2014). Overview of the NTCIR-11 SpokenQuery&Doc Task. In Proc. of NTCIR-11. National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, (pp. 1–7).NIST. Draft KWS16 Keyword Search Evaluation Plan. https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/documents/itl/iad/mig/KWS16-evalplan-v04.pdf . Accessed Feb 2018.Anguera, X, Metze, F, Buzo, A, Szöke, I, Rodriguez-Fuentes, LJ (2013). The spoken web search task. In Proc. of MediaEval. Ruzica Piskac, New Haven, (pp. 921–922).Taras, B, & Nadeu, C (2011). Audio segmentation of broadcast news in the Albayzin-2010 evaluation: overview, results, and discussion. EURASIP Journal on Audio, Speech, and Music Processing, 2011(1), 1–10.Zelenák, M, Schulz, H, Hernando, J (2012). Speaker diarization of broadcast news in Albayzin 2010 evaluation campaign. EURASIP Journal on Audio, Speech, and Music Processing, 2012(19), 1–9.Rodríguez-Fuentes, LJ, Penagarikano, M, Varona, A, Díez, M, Bordel, G (2011). The Albayzin 2010 Language Recognition Evaluation. In Proc. of Interspeech. ISCA, Baixas, (pp. 1529–1532).Tejedor, J, Toledano, DT, Lopez-Otero, P, Docio-Fernandez, L, Garcia-Mateo, C, Cardenal, A, Echeverry-Correa, JD, Coucheiro-Limeres, A, Olcoz, J, Miguel, A (2015). Spoken term detection ALBAYZIN 2014 evaluation: overview, systems, results, and discussion. EURASIP, Journal on Audio, Speech and Music Processing, 2015(21), 1–27.Tejedor, J, Toledano, DT, Anguera, X, Varona, A, Hurtado, LF, Miguel, A, Colás, J (2013). Query-by-example spoken term detection ALBAYZIN 2012 evaluation: overview, systems, results, and discussion. EURASIP, Journal on Audio, Speech, and Music Processing, 2013(23), 1–17.Tejedor, J, Toledano, DT, Lopez-Otero, P, Docio-Fernandez, L, Garcia-Mateo, C (2016). Comparison of ALBAYZIN query-by-example spoken term detection 2012 and 2014 evaluations. EURASIP, Journal on Audio, Speech and Music Processing, 2016(1), 1–19.Méndez, F, Docío, L, Arza, M, Campillo, F (2010). The Albayzin 2010 text-to-speech evaluation. In Proc. of FALA. UniversidadeVigo, Vigo, (pp. 317–340).Billa, J, Ma, KW, McDonough, JW, Zavaliagkos, G, Miller, DR, Ross, KN, El-Jaroudi, A (1997). Multilingual speech recognition: the 1996 Byblos Callhome system. In Proc. of Eurospeech. ISCA, Baixas, (pp. 363–366).Killer, M, Stuker, S, Schultz, T (2003). Grapheme based speech recognition. In Proc. of Eurospeech. ISCA, Baixas, (pp. 3141–3144).Burget, L, Schwarz, P, Agarwal, M, Akyazi, P, Feng, K, Ghoshal, A, Glembek, O, Goel, N, Karafiat, M, Povey, D, Rastrow, A, Rose, RC, Thomas, S (2010). Multilingual acoustic modeling for speech recognition based on subspace gaussian mixture models. In Proc. of ICASSP. IEEE, New York, (pp. 4334–4337).Cuayahuitl, H, & Serridge, B (2002). Out-of-vocabulary word modeling and rejection for Spanish keyword spotting systems. In Proc. of MICAI. Springer, Berlin, (pp. 156–165).Tejedor, J (2009). Contributions to keyword spotting and spoken term detection for information retrieval in audio mining. PhD thesis, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.Tejedor, J, Toledano, DT, Wang, D, King, S, Colás, J (2014). Feature analysis for discriminative confidence estimation in spoken term detection. Computer Speech and Language, 28(5), 1083–1114.Li, J, Wang, X, Xu, B (2014). An empirical study of multilingual and low-resource spoken term detection using deep neural networks. In Proc. of Interspeech. ISCA, Baixas, (pp. 1747–1751).NIST. The Spoken Term Detection (STD) 2006 evaluation plan. http://berlin.csie.ntnu.edu.tw/Courses/Special%20Topics%20in%20Spoken%20Language%20Processing/Lectures2008/SLP2008S-Lecture12-Spoken%20Term%20Detection.pdf . Accessed Feb 2018.Fiscus, JG, Ajot, J, Garofolo, JS, Doddingtion, G (2007). Results of the 2006 spoken term detection evaluation. In Proc. of SSCS. ACM, New York, (pp. 45–50).Martin, A, Doddington, G, Kamm, T, Ordowski, M, Przybocki, M (1997). The DET curve in assessment of detection task performance. In Proc. of Eurospeech. ISCA, Baixas, (pp. 1895–1898).NIST. Evaluation Toolkit (STDEval) software. https://www.nist.gov/itl/iad/mig/tools . Accessed Feb 2018.Union, IT. ITU-T Recommendation P.563: Single-ended method for objective speech quality assessment in narrow-band telephony applications. http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-P.563/en . Accessed Feb 2018.Rajput, N, & Metze, F (2011). Spoken web search. In Proc. of MediaEval. Ruzica Piskac, New Haven, (pp. 1–2).Metze, F, Barnard, E, Davel, M, van Heerden, C, Anguera, X, Gravier, G, Rajput, N (2012). The spoken web search task. In Proc. of MediaEval. Ruzica Piskac, New Haven, (pp. 41–42).Szöke, I, Rodriguez-Fuentes, LJ, Buzo, A, Anguera, X, Metze, F, Proenca, J, Lojka, M, Xiong, X (2015). Query by Example Search on Speech at Mediaeval 2015. In Proc. of MediaEval. Ruzica Piskac, New Haven, (pp. 81–82).Szöke, I, & Anguera, X (2016). Zero-cost speech recognition task at Mediaeval 2016. In Proc. of MediaEval. Ruzica Piskac, New Haven, (pp. 81–82).Akiba, T, Nishizaki, H, Nanjo, H, Jones, GJF (2014). Overview of the NTCIR-11 spokenquery &doc task. In Proc. of NTCIR-11. National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, (pp. 1–15).Akiba, T, Nishizaki, H, Nanjo, H, Jones, GJF (2016). Overview of the NTCIR-12 spokenquery &doc-2. In Proc. of NTCIR-12. National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, (pp. 1–13).Schwarz, P (2008). Phoneme recognition based on long temporal context. PhD thesis, FIT, BUT, Brno, Czech Republic.Varona, A, Penagarikano, M, Rodríguez-Fuentes, LJ, Bordel, G (2011). On the use of lattices of time-synchronous cross-decoder phone co-occurrences in a SVM-phonotactic language recognition system. In Proc. of Interspeech. ISCA, Baixas, (pp. 2901–2904).Eyben, F, Wollmer, M, Schuller, B (2010). OpenSMILE—the munich versatile and fast open-source audio feature extractor. In Proc. of ACM Multimedia (MM). ACM, New York, (pp. 1459–1462).Lopez-Otero, P, Docio-Fernandez, L, Garcia-Mateo, C (2016). Finding relevant features for zero-resource query-by-example search on speech. Speech Communication, 84(1), 24–35.Zhang, Y, & Glass, JR (2009). Unsupervised spoken keyword spotting via segmental DTW on Gaussian posteriorgrams. In Proc. of ASRU. IEEE, New York, (pp. 398–403).Povey, D, Ghoshal, A, Boulianne, G, Burget, L, Glembek, O, Goel, N, Hannemann, M, Motlicek, P, Qian, Y, Schwarz, P, Silovsky, J, Stemmer, G, Vesely, K (2011). The KALDI speech recognition toolkit. In Proc. of ASRU. IEEE, New York, (pp. 1–4).Muller, M. (2007). Information retrieval for music and motion. New York: Springer.Szöke, I, Skacel, M, Burget, L (2014). BUT QUESST 2014 system description. In Proc. of MediaEval. Ruzica Piskac, New Haven, (pp. 621–622).Brümmer, N, & van Leeuwen, D (2006). On calibration of language recognition scores. In Proc of the IEEE Odyssey: The speaker and language recognition workshop. IEEE, New York, (pp. 1–8).Brümmer, N, & de Villiers, E. The BOSARIS toolkit user guide: Theory, algorithms and code for binary classifier score processing. Technical report. https://sites.google.com/site/nikobrummer . Accessed Feb 2018.Meinedo, H, & Neto, J (2005). A stream-based audio segmentation, classification and clustering pre-processing system for broadcast news using ANN models. In Proc. of Interspeech. ISCA, Baixas, (pp. 237–240).Morgan, N, & Bourlard, H (1995). An introduction to hybrid HMM/connectionist continuous speech recognition. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 12(3), 25–42.Meinedo, H, Abad, A, Pellegrini, T, Trancoso, I, Neto, J (2010). The L2F broadcast news speech recognition system. In Proc. of FALA. UniversidadeVigo, Vigo, (pp. 93–96).Abad, A, Luque, J, Trancoso, I (2011). Parallel transformation network features for speaker recognition. In Proc. of ICASSP. IEEE, New York, (pp. 5300–5303).Diez, M, Varona, A, Penagarikano, M, Rodriguez-Fuentes, LJ, Bordel, G (2012). On the use of phone log-likelihood ratios as features in spoken language recognition. In Proc. of SLT. IEEE, New York, (pp. 274–279).Diez, M, Varona, A, Penagarikano, M, Rodriguez-Fuentes, LJ, Bordel, G (2014). New insight into the use of phone log-likelihood ratios as features for language recognition. In Proc. of Interspeech. ISCA, Baixas, (pp. 1841–1845).Abad, A, Ribeiro, E, Kepler, F, Astudillo, R, Trancoso, I (2016). Exploiting phone log-likelihood ratio features for the detection of the native language of non-native English speakers. In Proc. of Interspeech. ISCA, Baixas, (pp. 2413–2417).Rodríguez-Fuentes, LJ, Varona, A, Peñagarikano, M, Bordel, G, Díez, M (2014). High-performance query-by-example spoken term detection on the SWS 2013 evaluation. In Proc. of ICASSP. IEEE, New York, (pp. 7819–7823).Vesely, K, Ghoshal, A, Burget, L, Povey, D (2013). Sequence-discriminative training of deep neural networks. In Proc. of Interspeech. ISCA, Baixas, (pp. 2345–2349).Ghahremani, P, BabaAli, B, Povey, D, Riedhammer, K, Trmal, J, Khudanpur, S (2014). A pitch extraction algorithm tuned for automatic speech recognition. In Proc. of ICASSP. IEEE, New York, (pp. 2494–2498).Povey, D, Hannemann, M, Boulianne, G, Burget, L, Ghoshal, A, Janda, M, Karafiat, M, Kombrink, S, Motlicek, P, Qian, Y, Riedhammer, K, Vesely, K, Vu, NT (2012). Generating exact lattices in the WFST framework. In Proc. of ICASSP. IEEE, New York, (pp. 4213–4216).Garcia-Mateo, C, Dieguez-Tirado, J, Docio-Fernandez, L, Cardenal-Lopez, A (2004). Transcrigal: A bilingual system for automatic indexing of broadcast news. In Proc. of LREC. ELRA, Paris, (pp. 2061–2064).Stolcke, A (2002). SRILM—an extensible language modeling toolkit. In Proc. of Interspeech. ISCA, Baixas, (pp. 901–904).Lopez-Otero, P, Docio-Fernandez, L, Garcia-Mateo, C (2016). GTM-UVigo systems for Albayzin 2016 search on speech evaluation. In Proc. of Iberspeech. Springer, Berlin, (pp. 65–74).Chen, G, Khudanpur, S, Povey, D, Trmal, J, Yarowsky, D, Yilmaz, O (2013). Quantifying the value of pronunciation lexicons for keyword search in low resource languages. In Proc. of ICASSP. IEEE, New York, (pp. 8560–8564).Pham, VT, Chen, NF, Sivadas, S, Xu, H, Chen, I-F, Ni, C, Chng, ES, Li, H (2014). System and keyword dependent fusion for spoken term detection. In Proc. of SLT. IEEE, New York, (pp. 430–435).Can, D, & Saraclar, M (2011). Lattice indexing for spoken term detection. IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech and Language Processing, 19(8), 2338–2347.Miller, DRH, K

Pairs Trading: A Cointegration Approach

This study uses the Johansen test for cointegration to select trading pairs for use within a pairs trading framework. A long-run equilibrium price relationship is then estimated for the identified trading pairs, and the resulting mean-reverting residual spread is modeled as a Vector-Error-Correction model (VECM). The study uses 5 years of daily stock prices starting from the beginning of July, 2002. The search for trading pairs is restricted to 17 financial stocks listed on the ASX200. The results show that two cointegrated stocks can be combined in a certain linear combination so that the dynamics of the resulting portfolio are governed by a stationary process. Although a trading rule is not employed to access the profitability of this trading strategy, plots of the residual series show a high rate of zero crossings and large deviations around the mean. This would suggest that this strategy would likely be profitable. It can also be concluded that in the presence of cointegration, at least one of the speed of adjustment coefficients must be significantly different from zero

Database system architecture supporting coexisting query languages and data models

SIGLELD:D48239/84 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

Studies related to the process of program development

The submitted work consists of a collection of publications arising from research carried out at Rhodes University (1970-1980) and at Heriot-Watt University (1980-1992). The theme of this research is the process of program development, i.e. the process of creating a computer program to solve some particular problem. The papers presented cover a number of different topics which relate to this process, viz. (a) Programming methodology programming. (b) Properties of programming languages. aspects of structured. (c) Formal specification of programming languages. (d) Compiler techniques. (e) Declarative programming languages. (f) Program development aids. (g) Automatic program generation. (h) Databases. (i) Algorithms and applications