INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES IN ENGLISH COMPARED WITH BAHASA INDONESIA AND BASA SUNDA

The paper entitled “Inflectional Morphemes in English Compared with Bahasa Indonesia and Basa Sunda” is intended to discuss the use of inflectional morphemes to form words in English compared with Bahasa Indonesia, and Basa Sunda. The aims of the study is to describe the forms/positions and the functions of English inflectional morphemes and to find out the similarities and the differences among the three languages. Inflectional morphemes are kinds of morphemes which do not change lexical meaning or part of speech. In English, the inflectional morphemes are suffixes, which are attached at the end of words. In the other two languages, inflectional morphemes can be attached in more various positions. It can be concluded that inflectional morphemes are used in English, Bahasa Indonesia and Basa Sunda. English only has one inflectional morpheme while the others are more varied. There are similarities and differences in using inflectional morphemes in English, Bahasa Indonesia and Basa Sunda. All the languages use inflectional morphemes to show plurality, to indicate comparative or superlative and active/passive verbs. Basa Sunda has more various combination of affixes than others

Morphological word structure in English and Swedish : the evidence from prosody

Trubetzkoy's recognition of a delimitative function of phonology, serving to signal boundaries between morphological units, is expressed in terms of alignment constraints in Optimality Theory, where the relevant constraints require specific morphological boundaries to coincide with phonological structure (Trubetzkoy 1936, 1939, McCarthy & Prince 1993). The approach pursued in the present article is to investigate the distribution of phonological boundary signals to gain insight into the criteria underlying morphological analysis. The evidence from English and Swedish suggests that necessary and sufficient conditions for word-internal morphological analysis concern the recognizability of head constituents, which include the rightmost members of compounds and head affixes. The claim is that the stability of word-internal boundary effects in historical perspective cannot in general be sufficiently explained in terms of memorization and imitation of phonological word form. Rather, these effects indicate a morphological parsing mechanism based on the recognition of word-internal head constituents. Head affixes can be shown to contrast systematically with modifying affixes with respect to syntactic function, semantic content, and prosodic properties. That is, head affixes, which cannot be omitted, often lack inherent meaning and have relatively unmarked boundaries, which can be obscured entirely under specific phonological conditions. By contrast, modifying affixes, which can be omitted, consistently have inherent meaning and have stronger boundaries, which resist prosodic fusion in all phonological contexts. While these correlations are hardly specific to English and Swedish it remains to be investigated to which extent they hold cross-linguistically. The observation that some of the constituents identified on the basis of prosodic evidence lack inherent meaning raises the issue of compositionality. I will argue that certain systematic aspects of word meaning cannot be captured with reference to the syntagmatic level, but require reference to the paradigmatic level instead. The assumption is then that there are two dimensions of morphological analysis: syntagmatic analysis, which centers on the criteria for decomposing words in terms of labelled constituents, and paradigmatic analysis, which centers on the criteria for establishing relations among (whole) words in the mental lexicon. While meaning is intrinsically connected with paradigmatic analysis (e.g. base relations, oppositeness) it is not essential to syntagmatic analysis

Patterns of grammaticalization in African languages

The approach outlined in the present paper is based on observations made with African languages. Although the 1000-odd African languages display a remarkable extent of structural variation, there are certain structures that do not seem to occur in Africa. Thus, to our knowledge, an African language having anything that could be called an ergative case or a numeral classifier system has not been discovered so far. It may turn out that our approach can, in a modified form, be made applicable to languages outside Africa. This , however, is a possibility that has not been considered here. The present approach is based essentially on diachronic findings in that it uses observations on language evolution in order to account for structural differences between languages. Thus, it has double potential: apart from describing and explaining typological diversity it can also be material to reconstructing language history

PREFIX N- AND ITS COMBINATION IN SUNDANESE: A MORPHOLOGY STUDY

This study analyzes the morphological process in Sundanese language, which focuses on prefix n- (nasal) and its’ combinations. This study is aimed to find the word class of the base word that can be attached by prefix n- (nasal) and its’ combination along with the function and meaning that occurs. The used methodology is qualitative method employing the data source from daily Sundanese conversation and Kumpulan Rupa-rupa Khutbah Ku Basa Sunda book. The result of the study showed that there are verb, noun and adjective which can be the base word of prefix n- (nasal) and its’ combination with various uniqueness, different function and meaning. The general function of prefix n- (nasal) is to form active verb while its’ meanings are performative, inchoactive, resultative, instrumental, use the material of x, locative, simulative and causative. The results are expected to be a guide in Sundanese language teaching learning

MORPHOPHONOLOGICAL INTERFERENCE IN MINANGKABAU’S LANGUAGE

This study analyzes entitle of: “Morphophonological Interference in Minangkabau’s Language”, which focuses on morpheme and phonetic. This study aims to find the forms of word structure and vocal along with the changing of interference between Minangkabau and Indonesian that occurs. This study focuses on Chaer and Agustina’s theory (1994:146, 2004:122) and identified four types of interference into the language, actually the writer focuses on two types they are morphological interference and phonological interference. The methodology uses descriptive qualitative method concerning the data source in minangkabau’s language: Traditional Poetry. The result this research showed that there are 8 interferences of morpheme with varieties of phonetic. This analysis showed Interference as Minangkabau’s language to Indonesian language whereas interference changed either word or sound and overall can be affected by accent, besides sound includes rhyme, intonation, and stress, meanwhile word includes affixation. In addition we should be appreciated regional language and learned to avoid misunderstanding in many languages in this world

Gemination and degemination in English affixation: Investigating the interplay between morphology, phonology and phonetics

In English, phonological double consonants only occur across morphological boundaries, for example, in affixation (e.g. in unnatural, innumerous). There are two possibilities for the phonetic realization of these morphological geminates: Either the phonological double is realized with a longer duration than a phonological singleton (gemination), or it is of the same duration as a singleton consonant (degemination). The present book provides the first large-scale empirical study on the gemination with the five English affixes un-, locative in-, negative in-, dis- and -ly. Using corpus and experimental data, the predictions of various approaches to the morpho-phonological and the morpho-phonetic interface are tested. By finding out which approach can account best for the gemination pattern of English affixed words, important implications about the interplay between morphology, phonology and phonetics are drawn