19 research outputs found

    Integrated Sensing and Communication for Network-Assisted Full-Duplex Cell-Free Distributed Massive MIMO Systems

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    In this paper, we combine the network-assisted full-duplex (NAFD) technology and distributed radar sensing to implement integrated sensing and communication (ISAC). The ISAC system features both uplink and downlink remote radio units (RRUs) equipped with communication and sensing capabilities. We evaluate the communication and sensing performance of the system using the sum communication rates and the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB), respectively. We compare the performance of the proposed scheme with other ISAC schemes, the result shows that the proposed scheme can provide more stable sensing and better communication performance. Furthermore, we propose two power allocation algorithms to optimize the communication and sensing performance jointly. One algorithm is based on the deep Q-network (DQN) and the other one is based on the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II). The proposed algorithms provide more feasible solutions and achieve better system performance than the equal power allocation algorithm.Comment: 14 pages, 7 figures,submit to China Communication February 28, 2023, date of major revision July 09, 202

    Particle Swarm Optimization

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    Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a population based stochastic optimization technique influenced by the social behavior of bird flocking or fish schooling.PSO shares many similarities with evolutionary computation techniques such as Genetic Algorithms (GA). The system is initialized with a population of random solutions and searches for optima by updating generations. However, unlike GA, PSO has no evolution operators such as crossover and mutation. In PSO, the potential solutions, called particles, fly through the problem space by following the current optimum particles. This book represents the contributions of the top researchers in this field and will serve as a valuable tool for professionals in this interdisciplinary field

    Sensor resource management with evolutionary algorithms applied to indoor positioning

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    Premio Extraordinario de Doctorado de la UAH en el a帽o acad茅mico 2016-2017Esta tesis pretende contribuir a la mejora de la gesti贸n de recursos en sistemas de sensores aplicados a localizaci贸n en interiores. Mediante esta gesti贸n pueden abordarse dos temas, la colocaci贸n de estos sensores y su uso 贸ptimo una vez colocados, centr谩ndose la tesis en el primero de ellos. Durante la tesis se considera el uso de un sistema de posicionamiento en interiores basado en se帽ales infrarrojas con medida de diferencia de fase. Estas medidas de fase son posteriormente transformadas en distancias, con lo cual nuestro problema es el de trilateraci贸n hiperb贸lica utilizando medidas de diferencia de distancia. Aunque se describe un modelo para el error en diferencia de distancias del enlace infrarrojo, podemos abstraernos de este y simplemente considerar que utilizamos medidas de diferencia de distancia que est谩n normalmente distribuidas con una varianza dada por el modelo usado. De hecho, el trabajo expuesto en esta tesis podr铆a ser usado con cualquier otro sistema del cual obtengamos un modelo de los errores de medida, ya sea empleando adem谩s trilateraci贸n esf茅rica o angulaci贸n. La gran mayor铆a de trabajos que mejoran la precisi贸n de un sistema de posicionamiento colocando sensores optimizan funciones de coste basadas en el l铆mite inferior de Cram茅r-Rao, enfoque que adoptamos tambi茅n en este trabajo. En el cap铆tulo de la tesis dedicado al estado del arte hacemos un repaso de las diferentes propuestas existentes, que concluye explicando qu茅 pretendemos aportar sobre las contribuciones existentes en la literatura cient铆fica. En resumen, podemos clasificar las propuestas actuales en tres clases. La primera de ellas trata de determinar una configuraci贸n 贸ptima para localizar un objetivo, normalmente utilizando el determinante de la matriz de informaci贸n de Fisher o la diluci贸n de la precisi贸n. Estos m茅todos pueden obtener expresiones anal铆ticas que proporcionan una explicaci贸n sobre como intervienen las caracter铆sticas de los sensores y su colocaci贸n en la precisi贸n obtenida. Sin embargo, carecen de aplicabilidad en situaciones reales. El segundo tipo de propuestas emplea m茅todos num茅ricos para optimizar la colocaci贸n de sensores considerando varios objetivos o un 谩rea entera. Los m茅todos propuestos en esta tesis encajan dentro de esta categor铆a. Por 煤ltimo, existen m茅todos que utilizan t茅cnicas de selecci贸n de sensores para obtener configuraciones 贸ptimas. Entre las distintas propuestas encontramos varias deficiencias, como la simplificaci贸n del modelo de error de la medida para obtener expresiones f谩cilmente tratables, la consideraci贸n de un solo criterio de precisi贸n de la localizaci贸n, colocaci贸n de un n煤mero determinado y fijo de sensores, o su despliegue en 谩reas simples que no presenten problemas de oclusiones. Nuestra primera aportaci贸n trata de solucionar la consideraci贸n de un 煤nico criterio de precisi贸n, que normalmente es el determinante o la traza de la matriz de covarianza o informaci贸n de la estimaci贸n. Cada m茅trica obtenida de estas matrices tiene un significado pr谩ctico distinto, y la consideraci贸n de solo una de ellas puede dar lugar a soluciones que presenten deficiencias en las otras, como la obtenci贸n de elipses de error muy alargadas. Nuestra propuesta implica el uso de algoritmos evolutivos multifunci贸n que optimicen varias de estas m茅tricas, como el error cuadr谩tico medio en todo el 谩rea, la isotrop铆a de la soluci贸n, y la m谩xima desviaci贸n que puede aparecer. Esto nos permite tener un conjunto de soluciones dadas en un frente de Pareto, que permitir谩n al gestor de la red de sensores visualizar las posibles soluciones y elegir entre ellas seg煤n las necesidades. Tambi茅n permite obtener colocaciones que mejoren la convergencia de algunos estimadores. La segunda contribuci贸n de la tesis se ocupa de la colocaci贸n de sensores en zonas m谩s complejas, donde existan obst谩culos que provoquen oclusiones a algunos sensores. De esta manera, podemos introducir el problema de intentar cubrir la mayor cantidad de puntos del espacio con el n煤mero m铆nimo de sensores necesario para calcular la posici贸n de un objetivo. Dicho n煤mero influir谩 en el porcentaje de 谩rea cubierto y en la precisi贸n obtenida, adem谩s de aumentar el coste del sistema. Debido a esto, tambi茅n ser谩 un objetivo a optimizar junto a la cobertura y la incertidumbre de la posici贸n estimada. Para llevar a cabo esta optimizaci贸n se propone una mejora sobre el algoritmo utilizado en la aportaci贸n anterior basada en el uso de subpoblaciones y a帽adiendo operadores gen茅ticos que modifiquen el n煤mero de sensores seg煤n la cobertura y condensaci贸n en los distintos puntos de la zona a cubrir. Cada uno de los cap铆tulos dedicado a las aportaciones descritas contiene resultados y conclusiones que confirman el buen funcionamiento de los m茅todos propuestos. Finalmente, la tesis concluye con una lista de propuestas que ser谩n estudiadas en un futuro

    1-D broadside-radiating leaky-wave antenna based on a numerically synthesized impedance surface

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    A newly-developed deterministic numerical technique for the automated design of metasurface antennas is applied here for the first time to the design of a 1-D printed Leaky-Wave Antenna (LWA) for broadside radiation. The surface impedance synthesis process does not require any a priori knowledge on the impedance pattern, and starts from a mask constraint on the desired far-field and practical bounds on the unit cell impedance values. The designed reactance surface for broadside radiation exhibits a non conventional patterning; this highlights the merit of using an automated design process for a design well known to be challenging for analytical methods. The antenna is physically implemented with an array of metal strips with varying gap widths and simulation results show very good agreement with the predicted performance

    Beam scanning by liquid-crystal biasing in a modified SIW structure

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    A fixed-frequency beam-scanning 1D antenna based on Liquid Crystals (LCs) is designed for application in 2D scanning with lateral alignment. The 2D array environment imposes full decoupling of adjacent 1D antennas, which often conflicts with the LC requirement of DC biasing: the proposed design accommodates both. The LC medium is placed inside a Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) modified to work as a Groove Gap Waveguide, with radiating slots etched on the upper broad wall, that radiates as a Leaky-Wave Antenna (LWA). This allows effective application of the DC bias voltage needed for tuning the LCs. At the same time, the RF field remains laterally confined, enabling the possibility to lay several antennas in parallel and achieve 2D beam scanning. The design is validated by simulation employing the actual properties of a commercial LC medium

    Multibeam radar system based on waveform diversity for RF seeker applications

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    Existing radiofrequency (RF) seekers use mechanically steerable antennas. In order to improve the robustness and performance of the missile seeker, current research is investigating the replacement of mechanical 2D antennas with active electronically controlled 3D antenna arrays capable of steering much faster and more accurately than existing solutions. 3D antenna arrays provide increased radar coverage, as a result of the conformal shape and flexible beam steering in all directions. Therefore, additional degrees of freedom can be exploited to develop a multifunctional seeker, a very sophisticated sensor that can perform multiple simultaneous tasks and meet spectral allocation requirements. This thesis presents a novel radar configuration, named multibeam radar (MBR), to generate multiple beams in transmission by means of waveform diversity. MBR systems based on waveform diversity require a set of orthogonal waveforms in order to generate multiple channels in transmission and extract them efficiently at the receiver with digital signal processing. The advantage is that MBR transmit differently designed waveforms in arbitrary directions so that waveforms can be selected to provide multiple radar functions and better manage the available resources. An analytical model of an MBR is derived to analyse the relationship between individual channels and their performance in terms of isolation and phase steering effects. Combinations of linear frequency modulated (LFM) waveforms are investigated and the analytical expressions of the isolation between adjacent channels are presented for rectangular and Gaussian amplitude modulated LFM signals with different bandwidths, slopes and frequency offsets. The theoretical results have been tested experimentally to corroborate the isolation properties of the proposed waveforms. In addition, the practical feasibility of the MBR concept has been proved with a radar test bed with two orthogonal channels simultaneously detecting a moving target

    Special Topics in Information Technology

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    This open access book presents thirteen outstanding doctoral dissertations in Information Technology from the Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Italy. Information Technology has always been highly interdisciplinary, as many aspects have to be considered in IT systems. The doctoral studies program in IT at Politecnico di Milano emphasizes this interdisciplinary nature, which is becoming more and more important in recent technological advances, in collaborative projects, and in the education of young researchers. Accordingly, the focus of advanced research is on pursuing a rigorous approach to specific research topics starting from a broad background in various areas of Information Technology, especially Computer Science and Engineering, Electronics, Systems and Control, and Telecommunications. Each year, more than 50 PhDs graduate from the program. This book gathers the outcomes of the thirteen best theses defended in 2020-21 and selected for the IT PhD Award. Each of the authors provides a chapter summarizing his/her findings, including an introduction, description of methods, main achievements and future work on the topic. Hence, the book provides a cutting-edge overview of the latest research trends in Information Technology at Politecnico di Milano, presented in an easy-to-read format that will also appeal to non-specialists
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