Catalog of selected heavy duty transport energy management models

A catalog of energy management models for heavy duty transport systems powered by diesel engines is presented. The catalog results from a literature survey, supplemented by telephone interviews and mailed questionnaires to discover the major computer models currently used in the transportation industry in the following categories: heavy duty transport systems, which consist of highway (vehicle simulation), marine (ship simulation), rail (locomotive simulation), and pipeline (pumping station simulation); and heavy duty diesel engines, which involve models that match the intake/exhaust system to the engine, fuel efficiency, emissions, combustion chamber shape, fuel injection system, heat transfer, intake/exhaust system, operating performance, and waste heat utilization devices, i.e., turbocharger, bottoming cycle

A Tabulated-Chemistry Approach applied to a Quasi-Dimensional Combustion Model for a Fast and Accurate Knock Prediction in Spark-Ignition Engines

The description of knock phenomenon is a critical issue in a combustion model for Spark-Ignition (SI) engines. The most known theory to explain this phenomenon is based on the Auto-Ignition (AI) of the end-gas, ahead the flame front. The accurate description of this process requires the handling of various aspects, such as the impact of the fuel composition, the presence of residual gas or water in the burning mixture, the influence of cool flame heat release, etc. This concern can be faced by the solution of proper chemistry schemes for gasoline blends. Whichever is the modeling environment, either 3D or 0D, the on-line solution of a chemical kinetic scheme drastically affects the computational time. In this paper, a procedure for an accurate and fast prediction of the hydrocarbons auto-ignition, applied to phenomenological SI engine combustion models, is proposed. It is based on a tabulated approach, operated on both ignition delay times and reaction rates. This technique, widely used in 3D calculations, is extended to 0D models to overcome the inaccuracies typical of the most common ignition delay approaches, based on the Livengood-Wu integral solution. The aim is to combine the predictability of a detailed chemistry with an acceptable computational effort. First, the tabulated technique is verified through comparisons with a chemical solver for a semi-detailed kinetic scheme in constant-pressure and constant-volume configurations. Then a phenomenological model, based on the end-gas AI computation, is utilized to predict the knock occurrence in different SI engines, including both naturally-aspirated and turbocharged architectures. 0D/1D simulations are performed both with an online solution of the chemistry and employing the tabulated approach. Assessment with reference KLSA values shows that the knock model, based on the tabulated chemistry, is able to well reproduce the essential features of the auto-ignition process in the analyzed engines, with a limited impact on the computational time

Use of a Thermodynamic Engine Cycle Simulation to Study a Turbocharged Spark-ignition Engine

The second law analysis is a powerful tool for assessing the performance of engines and has been employed for few decades now. Turbocharged diesel engines have been explored in much detail with the help of second law analyses. There is also a need to examine the turbocharged spark-ignition engines in greater detail using second law analyses as they are gaining popularity in high performance and conventional automobiles as well. A thermodynamic simulation was developed in order to investigate the effects of turbocharging on spark-ignition engines from second law perspective. The exergy values associated with the components of the turbocharger along with the engine components were quantified as a percentage of fuel exergy. The exergy balance values indicated that turbocharger does not add considerably to the overall irreversibilities and combustion irreversibility is still the major source of exergy destruction. A comprehensive parametric investigation was also performed to investigate the effects of compression ratio, intercooler effectiveness, etc. for the turbocharged spark-ignition engine over the entire load and speed range. The simulation studies helped in understanding the behavior of turbocharged sparkignition engine with these parameters. A simulation study was also performed to compare the turbocharged engine with the naturally aspirated spark-ignition engine. This study examined the engines for operating parameters like bmep and bsfc over the entire speed range and revealed that turbocharging offers higher bmep and lower bsfc values for most of the operating range. In an additional study, these engines were analyzed for the brake thermal efficiency values at part load. The results indicated that turbocharging offers marginally higher brake thermal efficiency at part loads

Influence of a low pressure EGR loop on a gasoline turbocharged direct injection engine

his paper presents an experimental study of a low pressure EGR loop on a spark ignition (SI) Gasoline Turbocharged Direct Injection (GTDI) engine that will improve the understanding on the advantages and disadvantages of this strategy. Two steady engine operating conditions were investigated, 10 bar and 17 bar at 2000 rpm. At partial load conditions a combustion, performance, air management and exhaust gas emissions study was performed in order to analyses the EGR effect on the GTDI engine. The main advantages found were the reduction in fuel consumption due to the better combustion phasing, and the reduction in pumping losses and heat losses through the cylinder walls. A reduction on NOx, CO and soot was also observed when introducing EGR at these operating conditions. The main disadvantage found was the water condensation after the intercooler. At high load conditions similar analysis and conclusions to the partial load conditions are obtained. The EGR also allowed the combustion to be phased in a more efficient angle by reducing the risk of knocking, which helped reduce the exhaust gas temperature, despite the elimination of the fuel enrichment strategy..A reduction on CO and soot raw emissions was also observed when introducing EGR, as observed at partial load conditions, but a high reduction in NOx, CO, HC and soot emissions was observed after the catalyst since the fuel enrichment strategy is eliminated when cooled EGR is introduced. The main disadvantage found was the turbocharger limitation since higher compression ratio is required in order to keep the same air mass flow as the reference conditions without EGR. The original turbocharger is not designed to provide this higher compression ratio at low engine speed and high load. Results confirm how introducing EGR is a suitable strategy to control knocking and reduce simultaneously exhaust gas temperature and fuel consumption, but the disadvantages found in this investigation must be solved to assure its feasibility as a powerful technology to be implemented in future SI engines.Luján, JM.; Climent, H.; Novella Rosa, R.; Rivas Perea, ME. (2015). Influence of a low pressure EGR loop on a gasoline turbocharged direct injection engine. Applied Thermal Engineering. 89:432-443. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.06.039S4324438

Advanced stratified charge rotary aircraft engine design study

A technology base of new developments which offered potential benefits to a general aviation engine was compiled and ranked. Using design approaches selected from the ranked list, conceptual design studies were performed of an advanced and a highly advanced engine sized to provide 186/250 shaft Kw/HP under cruise conditions at 7620/25,000 m/ft altitude. These are turbocharged, direct-injected stratified charge engines intended for commercial introduction in the early 1990's. The engine descriptive data includes tables, curves, and drawings depicting configuration, performance, weights and sizes, heat rejection, ignition and fuel injection system descriptions, maintenance requirements, and scaling data for varying power. An engine-airframe integration study of the resulting engines in advanced airframes was performed on a comparative basis with current production type engines. The results show airplane performance, costs, noise & installation factors. The rotary-engined airplanes display substantial improvements over the baseline, including 30 to 35% lower fuel usage

Lightweight, low compression aircraft diesel engine

The feasibility of converting a spark ignition aircraft engine to the diesel cycle was investigated. Procedures necessary for converting a single cylinder GTS10-520 are described as well as a single cylinder diesel engine test program. The modification of the engine for the hot port cooling concept is discussed. A digital computer graphics simulation of a twin engine aircraft incorporating the diesel engine and Hot Fort concept is presented showing some potential gains in aircraft performance. Sample results of the computer program used in the simulation are included

Study of advanced rotary combustion engines for commuter aircraft

Performance, weight, size, and maintenance data for advanced rotary aircraft engines suitable for comparative commuter aircraft system evaluation studies of alternate engine candidates are provided. These are turbocharged, turbocompounded, direct injected, stratified charge rotary engines. Hypothetical engines were defined (an RC4-74 at 895 kW and an RC6-87 at 1490 kW) based on the technologies and design approaches used in the highly advanced engine of a study of advanced general aviation rotary engines. The data covers the size range of shaft power from 597 kW (800 hp) to 1865 kW (2500 hp) and is in the form of drawings, tables, curves and written text. These include data on internal geometry and configuration, installation information, turbocharging and turbocompounding arrangements, design features and technologies, engine cooling, fuels, scaling for weight size BSFC and heat rejection for varying horsepower, engine operating and performance data, and TBO and maintenance requirements. The basic combustion system was developed and demonstrated; however the projected power densities and performance efficiencies require increases in engine internal pressures, thermal loading, and rotative speed

Preliminary study of advanced turboprop and turboshaft engines for light aircraft

The effects of engine configuration, advanced component technology, compressor pressure ratio and turbine rotor-inlet temperature on such figures of merit as vehicle gross weight, mission fuel, aircraft acquisition cost, operating, cost and life cycle cost are determined for three fixed- and two rotary-wing aircraft. Compared with a current production turboprop, an advanced technology (1988) engine results in a 23 percent decrease in specific fuel consumption. Depending on the figure of merit and the mission, turbine engine cost reductions required to achieve aircraft cost parity with a current spark ignition reciprocating (SIR) engine vary from 0 to 60 percent and from 6 to 74 percent with a hypothetical advanced SIR engine. Compared with a hypothetical turboshaft using currently available technology (1978), an advanced technology (1988) engine installed in a light twin-engine helicopter results in a 16 percent reduction in mission fuel and about 11 percent in most of the other figures of merit

Multi-fuel rotary engine for general aviation aircraft

Design studies of advanced multifuel general aviation and commuter aircraft rotary stratified charge engines are summarized. Conceptual design studies were performed at two levels of technology, on advanced general aviation engines sized to provide 186/250 shaft kW/hp under cruise conditions at 7620 (25000 m/ft) altitude. A follow on study extended the results to larger (2500 hp max.) engine sizes suitable for applications such as commuter transports and helicopters. The study engine designs were derived from relevant engine development background including both prior and recent engine test results using direct injected unthrottled rotary engine technology. Aircraft studies, using these resultant growth engines, define anticipated system effects of the performance and power density improvements for both single engine and twin engine airplanes. The calculated results indicate superior system performance and 27 to 33 percent fuel economy improvement for the rotary engine airplanes as compared to equivalent airframe concept designs with current baseline engines. The research and technology activities required to attain the projected engine performance levels are also discussed

Assessment of fuel consumption reduction strategies on a gasoline turbocharged direct injection engine with a cooled EGR system

[EN] This research work presents the study of a low pressure EGR loop influence on a SI gasoline turbocharged direct injection engine in steady and transient testing conditions, with an optimization process of the original engine calibration in order to minimize the engine fuel consumption when cooled EGR is introduced in steady testing conditions. The cooled EGR strategy was also evaluated operating in synergy with other fuel consumption reduction strategies, such as: lean burn, multi-injection, higher coolant temperature and in-cylinder induced swirl motion. To fulfill the main objectives of this research work, firstly, a methodical process was followed, where a global methodology was first developed in order to obtain high accuracy engine tests, based on the experimental tools chosen that could comply with the requirements of the testing conditions, and the appropriate theoretical tools and procedure to post-process the tests performed. Secondly, a specific methodology was developed for each stage of the study and testing conditions, taking into account optimization processes or parametric tests in order to study the effect of a single parameter on engine's outputs or optimize an engine parameter in order to minimize the engine fuel consumption. As a first stage of the study, a basic analysis of the impact of cooled EGR on the engine combustion, performance, air management and exhaust emissions is presented. Afterwards, an optimization of the combustion phasing in order to minimize the fuel consumption was performed, and therefore the potential of cooled EGR in order to reduce the engine fuel consumption was observed for low load, part load and full load engine conditions, for two different engine speeds. In addition, a study in transient conditions of the engine operating with cooled EGR was performed. NEDC cycles were performed with different EGR valve openings and therefore a comparison of different cooled EGR rates influence on the engine performance, air management and accumulated exhaust emissions was presented. The second stage, consisted in a methodology developed to optimize the VVT setting and injection timing, for part load engine conditions, in order to maximize the cooled EGR potential to reduce engine fuel consumption. After this optimization, a synergy analysis of the optimum engine condition operating with cooled EGR and three other engine fuel consumption reduction strategies was performed. These strategies were tested to investigate and evaluate the potential of increasing the cooled EGR operational range to further decrease the engine fuel consumption. Furthermore, a basic study of the potential to reduce the engine fuel consumption and impact on combustion, air management and exhaust emissions of a lean burn strategy, in part load engine conditions, was presented as introduction of the final study of the cooled EGR strategy operating in synergy with the lean burn strategy in order to investigate the potential to control the exhaust emissions and reduce the engine fuel consumption.[ES] El objetivo de este trabajo de investigación es estudiar la influencia de un lazo de baja presión de EGR en las prestaciones de un motor de gasolina de encendido provocado turbosobrealimentado e inyección directa, en condiciones de ensayos estacionarios y transitorios, con un proceso de optimización de la calibración original del motor para minimizar el consumo de combustible del motor. La estrategia de "cooled EGR" fue también evaluada operando en sinergia con otras estrategias usadas para reducir el consumo de combustible del motor, entre ellas: mezcla pobre, múltiples inyecciones, operación a alta temperatura del fluido refrigerante del motor y movimiento de "swirl" inducido en el cilindro. Para cumplir con los objetivos mencionados, se siguió un proceso metódico donde previamente se desarrolló una metodología global para obtener resultados de indudable calidad, basados en el uso de herramientas experimentales que cumplieran con los requerimientos de las condiciones de ensayo, y las apropiadas herramientas teóricas y procedimiento para post-procesar los ensayos realizados. En segundo lugar, se desarrolló una metodología específica para cada etapa del estudio, teniendo en cuenta los procesos de optimización o estudios paramétricos que se pudieran realizar. Como primera etapa, se presenta un estudio básico del impacto del "cooled EGR" en la combustión, prestaciones, renovación de la carga y emisiones contaminantes del motor. Seguidamente, se procedió a la optimización del centrado de la combustión con la finalidad de minimizar el consumo de combustible del motor y poder analizar el potencial del "cooled EGR" como estrategia de reducción de consumo de combustible. El estudio presentado se realizó para baja, media y alta carga del motor con dos diferentes regímenes de giro del motor. Adicionalmente, se llevó a cabo un estudio del motor operando en condiciones transitorias con "cooled EGR". Se realizaron una serie de ensayos usando el ciclo NEDC como base y se probaron diferentes estrategias sencillas de control de la apertura de la válvula de EGR para analizar la influencia del "cooled EGR" en condiciones transitorias. La segunda etapa consiste en el desarrollo de una metodología para optimizar los parámetros del diagrama de distribución (VVT) y el inicio de inyección, para cargas medias del motor, con la finalidad de maximizar el potencial de reducción de consumo de combustible de la estrategia "cooled EGR". Una vez realizada la optimización, se llevó a cabo un estudio usando la configuración óptima encontrada, operando en sinergia con otras tres estrategias usadas para reducir el consumo de combustible del motor. Estas estrategias fueron evaluadas con la finalidad de incrementar el rango de operación de la estrategia "cooled EGR" para lograr reducir aún más el consumo de combustible del motor. Adicionalmente, se llevó a cabo un estudio básico sobre la influencia de operar con mezcla pobre en la combustión, prestaciones, renovación de la carga y emisiones contaminantes del motor, como introducción al último estudio llevado a cabo sobre la posibilidad de usar la estrategia de mezcla pobre en conjunto con la estrategia de "cooled EGR", con la finalidad de analizar el potencial de controlar las emisiones contaminantes y reducir el consumo de combustible del motor al mismo tiempo.[CA] L'objectiu d'este treball d'investigació és estudiar la influència d'un llaç de baixa pressió d'EGR en les prestacions d'un motor de gasolina d'encesa provocat turbosobrealimentat i injecció directa, en condicions d'assajos estacionaris i transitoris, amb un procés d'optimització del calibratge original del motor per a minimitzar el consum de combustible del motor. L'estratègia de "cooled EGR" va ser també avaluada operand en sinergia amb altres estratègies usades per a reduir el consum de combustible del motor, entre elles: mescla pobra, múltiples injeccions, operació a alta temperatura del fluid refrigerant del motor i moviment de `"swirl" induït en el cilindre. Per a complir amb els objectius mencionats, es va seguir un procés metòdic on prèviament es va desenrotllar una metodologia global per a obtindre resultats d'indubtable qualitat, basats en l'ús de ferramentes experimentals que compliren amb els requeriments de les condicions d'assaig, i les apropiades ferramentes teòriques i procediment per a post- processar els assajos realitzats. En segon lloc, es va desenrotllar una metodologia específica per a cada etapa de l'estudi, tenint en compte els processos d'optimització o estudis paramètrics que es pogueren realitzar. Com a primera etapa, es presenta un estudi bàsic de l'impacte del "cooled EGR" en la combustió, prestacions, renovació de la càrrega i emissions contaminants del motor. A continuació, es va procedir a l'optimització del centrat de la combustió amb la finalitat de minimitzar el consum de combustible del motor i poder analitzar el potencial del "cooled EGR" com a estratègia de reducció de consum de combustible. L'estudi presentat es va realitzar per a baixa, mitja i alta càrrega del motor amb dos diferents règims de gir del motor. Addicionalment, es va dur a terme un estudi del motor operand en condicions transitòries amb "cooled EGR". Es van realitzar una sèrie d'assajos usant el cicle NEDC com a base i es van provar diferents estratègies senzilles de control de l'obertura de la vàlvula d'EGR per a analitzar la influència del "cooled EGR" en condicions transitòries. La segona etapa consistix en el desenrotllament d'una metodologia per a optimitzar els paràmetres del diagrama de distribució (VVT) i l'inici d'injecció, per a càrregues mitges del motor, amb la finalitat de maximitzar el potencial de reducció de consum de combustible de l'estratègia "cooled EGR". Una vegada realitzada l'optimització, es va dur a terme un estudi usant la configuració òptima trobada, operant en sinergia amb altres tres estratègies usades per a reduir el consum de combustible del motor. Estes estratègies van ser avaluades amb la finalitat d'incrementar el rang d'operació de l'estratègia "cooled EGR" per a aconseguir reduir encara més el consum de combustible del motor. Addicionalment, es va dur a terme un estudi bàsic sobre la influència d'operar amb mescla pobra en la combustió, prestacions, renovació de la càrrega i emissions contaminants del motor, com a introducció a l'últim estudi dut a terme sobre la possibilitat d'usar l'estratègia de mescla pobra en conjunt amb l'estratègia de "cooled EGR", amb la finalitat d'analitzar el potencial de controlar les emissions contaminants i reduir el consum de combustible del motor al mateix temps.Rivas Perea, ME. (2016). Assessment of fuel consumption reduction strategies on a gasoline turbocharged direct injection engine with a cooled EGR system [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/68497TESI