Parameter Setting Strategy for the Controller of the DFIG Wind Turbine Considering the Small-Signal Stability of Power Grids

Due to the increasing penetration of the wind generation, the stability, especially the small-signal stability, of the power grid is much related to it. Currently, few studies considered the impact of the parameter settings of the wind turbine controller on the small-signal stability of the grid under the full range of wind conditions. In this paper, we propose a framework for deriving a set of controller parameters by interiorizing their impact on the power system stability, based on an analytic model of a 15th-order single DFIG-infinite grid connection under all wind speeds. The study results on a real wind turbine show that the controller parameters optimized for a specific wind speed may not feasible for other operational conditions yet the proposed framework can obtain a set of parameters guaranteeing the power system stability under all wind speeds

Parameter Setting Strategy for the Controller of the DFIG Wind Turbine Considering the Small-Signal Stability of Power Grids

Due to the increasing penetration of the wind generation, the stability, especially the small-signal stability, of the power grid is much related to it. Currently, few studies considered the impact of the parameter settings of the wind turbine controller on the small-signal stability of the grid under the full range of wind conditions. In this paper, we propose a framework for deriving a set of controller parameters by interiorizing their impact on the power system stability, based on an analytic model of a 15th-order single DFIG-infinite grid connection under all wind speeds. The study results on a real wind turbine show that the controller parameters optimized for a specific wind speed may not feasible for other operational conditions yet the proposed framework can obtain a set of parameters guaranteeing the power system stability under all wind speeds

Analysis and control of resonances in HVDC connected DFIG-based offshore wind farm

Wechselwirkungen zwischen den weit verbreiteten wechselrichtergekoppelten Netzkomponenten und den passiven Netzkomponenten können einen breiten Frequenzbereich von Resonanzen aufweisen, wodurch massive harmonische Verzerrungen hervorgerufen und sogar die Systemstabilität gefährdet werden. Ihre Folgen könnten die Trennung erneuerbarer und konventioneller Stromerzeuger vom Netz oder die physische Beschädigung empfindlicher Netzanlagen sein. Motiviert durch die Resonanzereignisse der letzten Jahre in windintegrierten Stromversorgungssystemen, untersucht diese Dissertation die resonanzinduzierten harmonischen Verzerrungs- und Stabilitätsprobleme in einem Offshore-Windpark (OWF) mit doppelt gespeisten Asynchrongeneratoren (DFIG) und Netzanschluss mittels Hochspannungsgleichstromübertragung (HGÜ). Ziel dieser Dissertation ist es, die Resonanzen genau zu charakterisieren, ihre Risiken zu bewerten und Lösungen für die Gestaltung der Minderungsstrategie bereitzustellen. Um die dynamischen Eigenschaften eines DFIG-basierten Windparks genau zu erfassen, wird eine umfassende Impedanzmodellierung unter Berücksichtigung des detaillierten PIRegelkreises und der Gleichstromdynamik der Windkraftanlage sowie der Kabelverbindungen des Mittelspannungskollektorsystems (MV) durchgeführt. Durch schrittweise Simulationsüberprüfungen hat sich die aggregierte Modellierung des MVKollektorsystems für die Breitbandresonanzanalyse als geeignet erwiesen. Auf dieser Grundlage wurden sowohl die Bode-Plot-Methode als auch der Ansatz der Resonanzmodusanalyse (RMA) angewendet, um die Resonanzprobleme unter Berücksichtigung verschiedener Betriebsbedingungen des Windparks und Änderungen der Netz-Topologie anzugehen. Ihre Auswirkungen auf die Resonanzfrequenz, die harmonische Verzerrungen und die Dämpfungen zu Resonanzen werden untersucht. Die Orte, an denen Resonanzen am einfachsten angeregt werden können, werden durch die Busbeteiligungsfaktoranalyse identifiziert. Darüber hinaus wird der Einfluss der Frequenzkopplungseffekte von Steuerungs- und Schaltvorgängen für asymmetrische Wandler auf subsynchrone Resonanz- (SSR), Mittel- und Hochfrequenzresonanzen unter Verwendung der aggregierten Modelle analysiert, die aus einem praktischen HGÜverbundenen DFIG-basierten OWF abgeleitet wurden. Für den Frequenzbereich von mehreren Hz bis zu einigen kHz werden große harmonische Verzerrungs- und Stabilitätsprobleme gezeigt. Um den negativen Einfluss von Resonanzen auf die Stromqualität und die Systemstabilität zu verhindern, wurde eine Reihe aktiver Dämpfungsmöglichkeiten untersucht und in das untersuchte windintegrierte Stromnetz implementiert, und es wird eine koordinierte Dämpfungsstrategie vorgeschlagen, mit der Breitbandresonanzen effektiv gedämpft werden können. Schließlich validieren Simulationen in MATLAB / Simulink die Ergebnisse der Impedanzmodellierung, der Resonanzanalyse sowie die Wirksamkeit der Breitbandresonanzdämpfungsstrategie.Interactions among the widely utilised converter-interfaced grid components and passive grid components can introduce wide-frequency range of resonances, thus induce massive harmonic distortions and even endanger system stability. Their consequences might be the tripping of renewable and conventional generation units or the physical damage of sensitive grid assets. Motivated by recent years’ resonance incidents in wind-integrated power systems, this study investigates the resonance-induced harmonic distortion and stability issues in doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based offshore wind farm (OWF) with high-voltage direct current (HVDC) grid connection. The objective of this study is to accurately characterize the resonances, evaluate their risks and provide solutions for the design of mitigation strategy. To accurately capture the dynamic characteristics of DFIG-based wind farm, a comprehensive impedance modelling considering the detailed PI control loop and DC dynamics of wind turbine as well as the cable connections of the medium-voltage (MV) collector system is conducted. Through stepwise simulation verifications, aggregated modelling of MV collector system is proved to be suitable for wideband resonance analysis. On this basis, both Bode-plot method and resonance mode analysis (RMA) approach have been adopted to address the resonance issues taking into account various wind farm operating conditions and grid topology changes. Their impacts on resonance frequency, harmonic amplification level and damping level are investigated. The locations where resonances can be most easily excited are identified through bus participation factor analysis. Moreover, the impact of the frequency-coupling effects from asymmetrial converter control and switching operations on subsynchronous resonance (SSR), middleand high-frequency resonances is analyzed using the aggregated models derived from a practical HVDC connected DFIG-based OWF. Large harmonic distortion and stability issues are demonstrated for the frequency range from several Hz to a few kHz. In order to prevent the negative impact of resonances on power quality and system stability, a series of active damping possibilites have been studied and implemented in the studied wind-integrated power system, and a coordinated damping strategy which can effectively damp wideband resonances is proposed. Finally, simulations in MATLAB/Simulink validate the results of impedance modelling, resonance analysis as well as the effectiveness of the wideband resonance damping strategy

Wind Power Integration into Power Systems: Stability and Control Aspects

Power network operators are rapidly incorporating wind power generation into their power grids to meet the widely accepted carbon neutrality targets and facilitate the transition from conventional fossil-fuel energy sources to clean and low-carbon renewable energy sources. Complex stability issues, such as frequency, voltage, and oscillatory instability, are frequently reported in the power grids of many countries and regions (e.g., Germany, Denmark, Ireland, and South Australia) due to the substantially increased wind power generation. Control techniques, such as virtual/emulated inertia and damping controls, could be developed to address these stability issues, and additional devices, such as energy storage systems, can also be deployed to mitigate the adverse impact of high wind power generation on various system stability problems. Moreover, other wind power integration aspects, such as capacity planning and the short- and long-term forecasting of wind power generation, also require careful attention to ensure grid security and reliability. This book includes fourteen novel research articles published in this Energies Special Issue on Wind Power Integration into Power Systems: Stability and Control Aspects, with topics ranging from stability and control to system capacity planning and forecasting

Modeling and Simulation of Protective Relay for Short Circuits in AC Micro-grids using Fuzzy Logic

The duo of high human appetite for electricity in the 21st century and high human population growth rate entail inadequacy of contemporary electric power protective systems for the emerging micro-grid. This thesis presents results of a research which seeks to propose a new model of protective device for short circuits in ac micro-grids. Response of the proposed relay is consistent with a reliable device. Consequently, a protective relay for short circuits in micro-grids is proposed

Wide-area monitoring and control of future smart grids

Application of wide-area monitoring and control for future smart grids with substantial wind penetration and advanced network control options through FACTS and HVDC (both point-to-point and multi-terminal) is the subject matter of this thesis. For wide-area monitoring, a novel technique is proposed to characterize the system dynamic response in near real-time in terms of not only damping and frequency but also mode-shape, the latter being critical for corrective control action. Real-time simulation in Opal-RT is carried out to illustrate the effectiveness and practical feasibility of the proposed approach. Potential problem with wide-area closed-loop continuous control using FACTS devices due to continuously time-varying latency is addressed through the proposed modification of the traditional phasor POD concept introduced by ABB. Adverse impact of limited bandwidth availability due to networked communication is established and a solution using an observer at the PMU location has been demonstrated. Impact of wind penetration on the system dynamic performance has been analyzed along with effectiveness of damping control through proper coordination of wind farms and HVDC links. For multi-terminal HVDC (MTDC) grids the critical issue of autonomous power sharing among the converter stations following a contingency (e.g. converter outage) is addressed. Use of a power-voltage droop in the DC link voltage control loops using remote voltage feedback is shown to yield proper distribution of power mismatch according to the converter ratings while use of local voltages turns out to be unsatisfactory. A novel scheme for adapting the droop coefficients to share the burden according to the available headroom of each converter station is also studied. The effectiveness of the proposed approaches is illustrated through detailed frequency domain analysis and extensive time-domain simulation results on different test systems

Fault analysis and protection for wind power generation systems

Wind power is growing rapidly around the world as a means of dealing with the world energy shortage and associated environmental problems. Ambitious plans concerning renewable energy applications around European countries require a reliable yet economic system to generate, collect and transmit electrical power from renewable resources. In populous Europe, collective offshore large-scale wind farms are efficient and have the potential to reach this sustainable goal. This means that an even more reliable collection and transmission system is sought. However, this relatively new area of offshore wind power generation lacks systematic fault transient analysis and operational experience to enhance further development. At the same time, appropriate fault protection schemes are required. This thesis focuses on the analysis of fault conditions and investigates effective fault ride-through and protection schemes in the electrical systems of wind farms, for both small-scale land and large-scale offshore systems. Two variable-speed generation systems are considered: doubly-fed induction generators (DFIGs) and permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSGs) because of their popularity nowadays for wind turbines scaling to several-MW systems. The main content of the thesis is as follows. The protection issues of DFIGs are discussed, with a novel protection scheme proposed. Then the analysis of protection scheme options for the fully rated converter, direct-driven PMSGs are examined and performed with simulation comparisons. Further, the protection schemes for wind farm collection and transmission systems are studied in terms of voltage level, collection level wind farm collection grids and high-voltage transmission systems for multi-terminal DC connected transmission systems, the so-called “Supergrid”. Throughout the thesis, theoretical analyses of fault transient performances are detailed with PSCAD/EMTDC simulation results for verification. Finally, the economic aspect for possible redundant design of wind farm electrical systems is investigated based on operational and economic statistics from an example wind farm project