550 research outputs found

    From Aspiration to Actuality under Xi Jinping: Reinterpreting the Outcome-driven Debate towards the Role of Historical Materialism in China’s Rise, 1949–2021

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    DOES THE REVOLUTIONARY IDEOLOGY of socialist rising powers influence their rise to power? If so, how, when, and why? The literature on rising powers works on a set of historical assumptions which, when applied to China’s rise, predict an inevitable rise to power. In this literature, a new world order is imagined with China as a new kind of leading great power. For some, this development represents the correction of imperial China’s historical position in the world. This thesis disagrees with this outcome-based analytical approach to China’s rise. It instead posits another argument: in understanding the dynamics of a socialist rising power, the role of ideology matters more than the rising power literature suggests. In the Chinese context, this means bringing the Communist Party of China back into the story of its rise. This Party- state builds on a genuine belief in historical materialism and a teleology of success which it, presumably, represents. Treating the Xi Jinping era (2012 to the present) as a pivotal moment, this thesis understands the Chinese Dream of Great Rejuvenation as promethean. While it fits within the Chinese tradition of organising China in its own image, as a political actor it is entirely new. China’s rise, then, becomes much more than simply ensuring the Party’s self- perpetuation of its political rule. It is a grand historical narrative which may only be understood, and problema

    Evolutionary ecology of obligate fungal and microsporidian invertebrate pathogens

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    The interactions between hosts and their parasites and pathogens are omnipresent in the natural world. These symbioses are not only key players in ecosystem functioning, but also drive genetic diversity through co-evolutionary adaptations. Within the speciose invertebrates, a plethora of interactions with obligate fungal and microsporidian pathogens exist, however the known interactions is likely only a fraction of the true diversity. Obligate invertebrate fungal and microsporidian pathogen require a host to continue their life cycle, some of which have specialised in certain host species and require host death to transmit to new hosts. Due to their requirement to kill a host to spread to a new one, obligate fungal and microsporidian pathogens regulate invertebrate host populations. Pathogen specialisation to a single or very few hosts has led to some fungi evolving the ability to manipulate their host’s behaviour to maximise transmission. The entomopathogenic fungus, Entomophthora muscae, infects houseflies (Musca domestica) over a week-long proliferation cycle, resulting in flies climbing to elevated positions, gluing their mouthparts to the substrate surface, and raising their wings to allow for a clear exit from fungal conidia through the host abdomen. These sequential behaviours are all timed to occur within a few hours of sunset. The E. muscae mechanisms used in controlling the mind of the fly remain relatively unknown, and whether other fitness costs ensue from an infection are understudied.European Commissio

    Climate Change and Critical Agrarian Studies

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    Climate change is perhaps the greatest threat to humanity today and plays out as a cruel engine of myriad forms of injustice, violence and destruction. The effects of climate change from human-made emissions of greenhouse gases are devastating and accelerating; yet are uncertain and uneven both in terms of geography and socio-economic impacts. Emerging from the dynamics of capitalism since the industrial revolution — as well as industrialisation under state-led socialism — the consequences of climate change are especially profound for the countryside and its inhabitants. The book interrogates the narratives and strategies that frame climate change and examines the institutionalised responses in agrarian settings, highlighting what exclusions and inclusions result. It explores how different people — in relation to class and other co-constituted axes of social difference such as gender, race, ethnicity, age and occupation — are affected by climate change, as well as the climate adaptation and mitigation responses being implemented in rural areas. The book in turn explores how climate change – and the responses to it - affect processes of social differentiation, trajectories of accumulation and in turn agrarian politics. Finally, the book examines what strategies are required to confront climate change, and the underlying political-economic dynamics that cause it, reflecting on what this means for agrarian struggles across the world. The 26 chapters in this volume explore how the relationship between capitalism and climate change plays out in the rural world and, in particular, the way agrarian struggles connect with the huge challenge of climate change. Through a huge variety of case studies alongside more conceptual chapters, the book makes the often-missing connection between climate change and critical agrarian studies. The book argues that making the connection between climate and agrarian justice is crucial

    Effects of municipal smoke-free ordinances on secondhand smoke exposure in the Republic of Korea

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    ObjectiveTo reduce premature deaths due to secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure among non-smokers, the Republic of Korea (ROK) adopted changes to the National Health Promotion Act, which allowed local governments to enact municipal ordinances to strengthen their authority to designate smoke-free areas and levy penalty fines. In this study, we examined national trends in SHS exposure after the introduction of these municipal ordinances at the city level in 2010.MethodsWe used interrupted time series analysis to assess whether the trends of SHS exposure in the workplace and at home, and the primary cigarette smoking rate changed following the policy adjustment in the national legislation in ROK. Population-standardized data for selected variables were retrieved from a nationally representative survey dataset and used to study the policy action’s effectiveness.ResultsFollowing the change in the legislation, SHS exposure in the workplace reversed course from an increasing (18% per year) trend prior to the introduction of these smoke-free ordinances to a decreasing (−10% per year) trend after adoption and enforcement of these laws (β2 = 0.18, p-value = 0.07; β3 = −0.10, p-value = 0.02). SHS exposure at home (β2 = 0.10, p-value = 0.09; β3 = −0.03, p-value = 0.14) and the primary cigarette smoking rate (β2 = 0.03, p-value = 0.10; β3 = 0.008, p-value = 0.15) showed no significant changes in the sampled period. Although analyses stratified by sex showed that the allowance of municipal ordinances resulted in reduced SHS exposure in the workplace for both males and females, they did not affect the primary cigarette smoking rate as much, especially among females.ConclusionStrengthening the role of local governments by giving them the authority to enact and enforce penalties on SHS exposure violation helped ROK to reduce SHS exposure in the workplace. However, smoking behaviors and related activities seemed to shift to less restrictive areas such as on the streets and in apartment hallways, negating some of the effects due to these ordinances. Future studies should investigate how smoke-free policies beyond public places can further reduce the SHS exposure in ROK

    Analyzing and Computing Complete Solution for Dots and Boxes Game

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    This thesis improves a process that analyzes all the states of a game of Dots and Boxes. We use retrograde analysis and simulations to create a solution that provides significant performance improvements over our previous best solution. Expanding upon a previous 4x4 solution using rotations, reflections, better optimization, and cloud computing to limit the processing time and gather more data efficiently. We compute a file and the number of states associated with each file and process every state starting with a completely filled board. We optimized the data for cloud computing by running simulations to find the most efficient number of processors and assess potential bottlenecks. The data produced from the results will be able to provide solutions and optimal play for dots and boxes games of different dimensions

    Mismarked Flesh: The Interpretability of the Male Body in Julio-Claudian Literature

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    This dissertation studies the increasing failure of the elite Roman male body to serve, as it had done for centuries, as an easily interpretable sign of social identity. The socio-political shift from Republic to Empire led to general disorientation and a crisis of male elite identity that found expression through depictions of the male body. Through Ovid’s Metamorphoses, Petronius’ Satyrica, and Senecan drama, I study this preoccupation in light of the Roman socio-historical context and modern theories of bodily identity found in Kristeva, Spillers, and Scarry, among others. I argue that we can trace the frequent scenes of misrecognition and confusion and the preponderance of wounded, marked, and dismembered non-slave bodies to this identity crisis. The mutilated male body in Julio-Claudian literature becomes a nodal point for multiple intersecting anxieties about gender, class, and status in an uncertain world. Chapter One reviews the socio-political context of the early empire and contemporary theories of embodied identity, and surveys the scholarship on embodied masculinity in early imperial literature. Chapter Two shines light on the confusion of bodily signifiers in the disorienting worlds of Ovid’s Metamorphoses and of Augustan Rome, showing through such stories as Actaeon and Pyramus that failure to interpret signs or to act as an interpretable signifier can be disastrous. Chapter Three examines the new vulnerability of elite men in Augustus’ Rome through the mutilated and dehumanized male bodies of the Metamorphoses, including Marsyas and Hippolytus. Chapter Four connects the confusion of bodily signifiers with a larger failure of the body in Petronius’ Satyrica and in Neronian Rome: whether they do not display legible social identities, fail to perform sexually, or are assaulted, bodies in Petronius’ novel are problems. Chapter Five connects the abject bodies of Seneca’s Oedipus, Thyestes, and Phaedra to the violence of Nero’s reign, reading them as broken signifiers whose misinterpretation spells disaster for their onlookers. Chapter Six offers concluding thoughts, as well as case studies of Pompey’s head in Lucan’s Bellum Civile and Hercules’ suffering in the pseudo-Senecan Hercules Oetaeus.Doctor of Philosoph

    Machine Learning Small Molecule Properties in Drug Discovery

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    Machine learning (ML) is a promising approach for predicting small molecule properties in drug discovery. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of various ML methods introduced for this purpose in recent years. We review a wide range of properties, including binding affinities, solubility, and ADMET (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity). We discuss existing popular datasets and molecular descriptors and embeddings, such as chemical fingerprints and graph-based neural networks. We highlight also challenges of predicting and optimizing multiple properties during hit-to-lead and lead optimization stages of drug discovery and explore briefly possible multi-objective optimization techniques that can be used to balance diverse properties while optimizing lead candidates. Finally, techniques to provide an understanding of model predictions, especially for critical decision-making in drug discovery are assessed. Overall, this review provides insights into the landscape of ML models for small molecule property predictions in drug discovery. So far, there are multiple diverse approaches, but their performances are often comparable. Neural networks, while more flexible, do not always outperform simpler models. This shows that the availability of high-quality training data remains crucial for training accurate models and there is a need for standardized benchmarks, additional performance metrics, and best practices to enable richer comparisons between the different techniques and models that can shed a better light on the differences between the many techniques.Comment: 46 pages, 1 figur

    New Cold War? A comparison of Russian and US foreign policy discourses in the time of deteriorating relations

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    This thesis examines the role that the Cold War discourse themes play in informing and structuring the American and Russian newspaper narratives in the time period of 2014-2017. It uncovers whether the portrayal of the contemporary relationship between Russia and the US in newspaper discourse can be traced back to the historical roots of Cold War struggles. Using Critical Discourse Analysis, the thesis seeks to identify the contexts interwoven in newspaper narratives examined in this study, and how their interactions with themes of the Cold War discourse work to create meanings for these newspapers’ audiences. The study does a qualitative textual analysis of newspaper discourse within the frame of two case studies: the 2014 conflict in Ukraine and the 2016–2017-time frame that is associated with the U.S. presidential election pre-election period and the first year of Donald Trump’s presidency. This thesis fills a gap in the New Cold War discourse where no thematic comparative U.S.-Russia newspaper discourse study has been done thus far. The findings indicate that particular elements of the Cold War discourse continue structuring the narratives that different Russian and American newspapers produce while reporting events occurring in the post-Cold War time, raising critical questions about the persistence of powerful historical discourses, and about the ability of media in Russia and in the US to rearticulate and regenerate discourses of global politics in the post-Cold War world

    Implementing Preventive Tobacco Policies : The role of contextual factors in policy implementation at school and national levels

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    Terveyden edistämiseen tähtäävät poliittiset toimet, kuten lait ja säädökset, ovat keskeisiä väestön terveydelle ja hyvinvoinnille, sillä ne auttavat rakentamaan terveyttä tukevia ympäristöjä. Poliittisten toimien vaikutukset riippuvat kuitenkin siitä, miten ne on toimeenpantu. Esimerkiksi globaalit tupakkapoliittiset toimet voivat vähentää nuorten tupakka- ja nikotiinituotteiden käyttöä vain, jos ne sisällytetään kansalliseen lainsäädäntöön ja sääntelyyn ja jos niitä toteutetaan osana organisaatioiden, kuten koulujen, arkea. Koulut ovat yksi keskeisistä terveyden edistämisen ja tupakkatuotteiden käytön ehkäisyn ympäristöistä, koska ne tavoittavat lähes kaikki nuoret. Vaikka ennaltaehkäisevät tupakkapoliittiset toimet ovat ratkaisevan tärkeitä kansanterveyttä edelleen rasittavan tupakkaepidemian lopettamiseksi, maiden välillä ja maiden sisällä koulujen välillä on huomattavia eroja siinä, miten kattavasti nämä toimet on implementoitu ja miten johdonmukaisesti niitä toteutetaan. Huolimatta tupakkapoliittisten toimien kattavamman ja johdonmukaisemman toimeenpanon tarpeesta tupakkatutkimus ei ole toistaiseksi juurikaan keskittynyt toimeenpanon tutkimiseen. Tämän väitöstutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selittää ennaltaehkäisevien tupakkapoliittisten toimien implementointia kouluissa ja kansallisella tasolla. Tutkimus keskittyi seuraaviin Maailman terveysjärjestön tupakoinnin torjuntaa koskevan puitesopimuksen (WHO FCTC) mukaisiin toimiin: savuttomat ympäristöt, verotus, tuotesääntely, pakkausmerkinnät, mainonta- ja markkinointikiellot sekä ikärajat. Väitöskirja koostuu neljästä kansainvälisestä artikkelista ja yhteenvedosta. Tutkimuksessa hyödynnettiin monikansallista tutkimusasetelmaa ja laadullisia tutkimusmenetelmiä, joiden tieteenfilosofisena lähtökohtana on kriittinen realismi. Ensimmäinen artikkeli oli realistinen katsaus, joka selitti koulun henkilökunnan tupakointikieltojen toteuttamista (artikkeli I). Katsauksen tuottamaa ymmärrystä täydennettiin analysoimalla kouluhenkilökunnan haastatteluja (n=84) seitsemästä Euroopan maasta temaattisen analyysin avulla (artikkelit II ja III). Neljännessä artikkelissa arvioitiin ja vertailtiin narratiivisen katsauksen avulla pohjoismaisen tupakkalainsäädännön ja sääntelyn kattavuutta ja sen toimeenpanoon vaikuttavia syitä (artikkeli IV). Yhteenvetoartikkelissa tulokset koostettiin ohjelmateoriaksi, joka selittää miten konteksti on vuorovaikutuksessa poliittisten toimien kanssa ja vaikuttaa niiden toimeenpanoon tiettyjen mekanismien kautta. Analyysia ohjasi monitieteinen käsitteellinen viitekehys toimeenpanosta. Se auttoi selittämään muun muassa kontekstitekijöiden roolia osana kompleksisia toimeenpanoprosesseja. Koulun henkilökunnan tupakointikieltojen toteuttamista selitti kolme mekanismia: velvollisuudentunto, motivaatio ja itseluottamus. Erilaiset kontekstitekijät vaikuttivat näiden mekanismien aktivoitumiseen, ja niistä yksi keskeisimmistä oli henkilökunnan toiminnan yhdenmukaisuus kieltojen toteuttamisessa. Toiminnan yhdenmukaisuutta haastoi kuitenkin kaksi asiaa. Ensinnäkin osa henkilökunnasta jätti puuttumatta sääntörikkeisiin, koska he eivät luottaneet selviytyvänsä oppilaiden kielteisten reaktioiden kanssa. Henkilökunnan itseluottamusta tukivat kuitenkin tietyt kontekstitekijät. Sääntörikkeisiin puuttuminen oli helpompaa silloin, kun henkilökunta koki oman toimintansa olevan legitimoitua, uskoi pystyvänsä rakentavaan vuorovaikutukseen opiskelijan kanssa ja luotti saavansa kollegiaalista tukea mahdollisiin haasteisiin. Toinen henkilökunnan yhdenmukaista toimintaa haastavista tekijöistä oli haavoittuvassa asemassa olevat opiskelijat, jotka toistuvasti rikkoivat tupakointikieltoja. Tulokset osoittivat, että henkilökunnan jäsenet eivät puuttuneet näiden opiskelijoiden sääntörikkeisiin, kun he kokivat kieltojen toteuttamisen olevan ristiriidassa opiskelijoiden koulumenestyksen tukemisen kanssa, kun he odottivat tiukempien kurinpitokeinojen olevan tehottomia ja aiheuttavan vakavampia ongelmia tai kun he eivät kokeneet saavansa tukea nuorten tupakointiin keskeisesti vaikuttavilta sidosryhmiltä, kuten vanhemmilta. Pohjoismaiden vertailu osoitti, että WHO FCTC sekä tupakkatuotteita, verotusta ja mainontaa koskevat Euroopan unionin (EU) direktiivit ovat yhdenmukaistaneet tupakkapoliittisten toimien implementointia eri maissa. Niillä on varmistettu, että keskeiset ehkäisevät toimet, kuten sisätilojen tupakointikiellot ja 18 vuoden ostoikäraja, on sisällytetty kansalliseen lainsäädäntöön. WHO FCTC ja EU-direktiivit selittivät kuitenkin myös eri maiden yhteisiä lainsäädännöllisiä heikkouksia, jotka näkyivät erityisesti savuttomien ja uusien tupakka- ja nikotiinituotteiden vaihtelevassa ja puutteellisessa sääntelyssä. Kansalliset tupakkapoliittiset toimijat, kuten terveysministeriö ja kansanterveysjärjestöt, ja näiden välinen yhteistyö olivat keskeisiä syitä kattavaan ennaltaehkäisevien tupakkapoliittisten toimien implementointiin. Nämä toimijat ovat myös mahdollistaneet sen, että useat Pohjoismaat ovat ottaneet käyttöön edistyksellisiä tupakkapoliittisia toimia jopa maailman ensimmäisten maiden joukossa. Tällaisia toimia olivat esimerkiksi sähkösavukkeiden makuainekiellot Suomessa ja kattavat ulkoalueiden tupakointikiellot Ruotsissa. Neljän artikkelin tulokset yhdistävä ohjelmateoria havainnollistaa, miten kontekstitekijät ovat vuorovaikutuksessa tupakkapoliittisten toimien kanssa ja näin vaikuttavat kansalliseen ja koulutason toimeenpanoon tiettyjen mekanismien kautta. Nämä kausaaliprosessit auttavat ymmärtämään, miten toimeenpanoa voitaisiin tukea kontekstitekijöitä vahvistamalla. Suosituksissa korostuu se, että toimijoiden välisen yhteistyön vahvistaminen on tärkeää eri toimeenpanotasoilla ja niiden välillä niin kansallisesti kuin kansainvälisesti. Yhteistyön vahvistaminen voi auttaa ratkaisemaan nykyisiä toimeenpanohaasteita, edistää kattavampien tupakkapoliittisten toimien implementointia ja tukea sellaisten keinojen löytämistä, joiden avulla eri toimeenpanotasot voisivat parhaalla mahdollisella tavalla tukea toinen toisiaan yhteisten tavoitteiden saavuttamiseksi: nuorten tupakka- ja nikotiinituotteiden käytön vähentämiseksi ja tupakkaepidemian lopettamiseksi.Healthy public policies play a crucial role in the health and well-being of populations, as they help to build health-promoting environments. However, the impact of these policies depends on their implementation. For example, global tobacco prevention policies can decrease adolescent tobacco and nicotine use only if they are implemented into national regulations and enforced in the everyday practices of organisations such as schools. Schools are one of the core settings for tobacco prevention and health promotion, as they reach almost all young people. Although preventive tobacco policies are critical for ending the tobacco epidemic, which continues to burden public health, countries vary considerably in how comprehensively the policies are implemented at the national level or enforced in schools. Despite the need for more comprehensive and consistent tobacco policy implementation, so far tobacco research has paid little attention to implementation. In this doctoral thesis I explain the school- and national-level implementation of preventive tobacco policies. In line with the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) I focus on policies such as smoke-free environments, price and tax measures, product regulations, packaging and labelling, bans on advertising and promotion, and age limits. The thesis consists of four international journal articles and a summary article. I used a cross-country research design and qualitative methods with critical realism as an ontological basis. First, I conducted a realist review to explain school staff members’ enforcement of school tobacco policies (STPs) (Article I). This understanding was complemented by a thematic analysis of interviews with school staff (n=84) from seven European countries (Articles II and III). In the fourth article, I used a narrative review to assess and compare the comprehensiveness of tobacco policies in the Nordic countries and the reasons for their implementation (Article IV). In the summary article, I synthesised the findings into a programme theory that explains how context interact with policies and influence their implementation via specific mechanisms. The analysis was guided by a multidisciplinary conceptual framework on policy implementation, which helped to explain among other things the role of contextual factors in complex policy implementation processes. The school-level results showed that three mechanisms – responsibility, motivation and confidence – explained school staff’s enforcement of STPs. The emergence of these mechanisms was influenced by certain contextual factors, with consistency of staff enforcement behaviour being one of the key factors. However, consistent staff enforcement was challenged by two key issues. First, some staff did not intervene in rule violations because they were not confident in their own ability to cope with students’ negative responses. Staff confidence was supported by certain contextual factors. Intervening in rule violations was easier when staff felt legitimised in their actions, believed they could interact constructively with students, and expected collegial support in the face of challenges. The second issue that challenged consistency was enforcement with vulnerable students who persistently violated smoking bans. The results demonstrated that staff did not intervene in rule violations if they felt that STP enforcement conflicted with support for students’ school performance, if they expected stricter disciplinary measures to be ineffective and cause more serious problems, or if they did not feel supported by other stakeholders involved in the young people’s smoking behaviour, such as parents. The Nordic comparison showed that countries’ tobacco policies were harmonised by the WHO FCTC and European Union (EU) directives on tobacco products, taxation and advertising. These measures ensure that core policies, such as indoor smoking bans and the 18- year age limit on sales, are included in national legislation. However, the WHO FCTC and EU directives also explained shared deficiencies across the countries, which were especially visible in the inconsistent or absent regulation of smokeless and novel tobacco and nicotine products. The main reasons for the comprehensive implementation of tobacco policies were national tobacco control actors, such as health ministries and civil society and their networks. These actors also facilitated the Nordic countries to implement some advanced tobacco policies, and indeed to be among the first countries in the world to do so. These advanced policies included, for instance, flavour bans on e-cigarettes in Finland and comprehensive outdoor smoking bans in Sweden. The programme theory that synthesises the results from the four articles outline how the context interact with policies and influence national- and school-level implementation via specific mechanisms. These causal pathways help us to understand how to support policy implementation by strengthening contextual factors. The recommendations highlight the importance of strengthening collaboration between actors, both within and between implementation levels, and both nationally and internationally. Strengthening collaboration may help to address current implementation challenges, contribute to the implementation of more comprehensive tobacco policies, and support the identification of ways in which different implementation levels can best support each other to achieve the common goals: reducing adolescents’ use of tobacco and nicotine products and ending the tobacco epidemic

    Cultural transmission of move choice in chess

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    The study of cultural evolution benefits from detailed analysis of cultural transmission in specific human domains. Chess provides a platform for understanding the transmission of knowledge due to its active community of players, precise behaviors, and long-term records of high-quality data. In this paper, we perform an analysis of chess in the context of cultural evolution, describing multiple cultural factors that affect move choice. We then build a population-level statistical model of move choice in chess, based on the Dirichlet-multinomial likelihood, to analyze cultural transmission over decades of recorded games played by leading players. For moves made in specific positions, we evaluate the relative effects of frequency-dependent bias, success bias, and prestige bias on the dynamics of move frequencies. We observe that negative frequency-dependent bias plays a role in the dynamics of certain moves, and that other moves are compatible with transmission under prestige bias or success bias. These apparent biases may reflect recent changes, namely the introduction of computer chess engines and online tournament broadcasts. Our analysis of chess provides insights into broader questions concerning evolution of human behavioral preferences and modes of social learning.Comment: 25 page
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