Does Pre-login Search Matter? Evidence from a Mobile Commerce Platform

An increasing number of consumers enjoy shopping through mobile devices. When consumers use a mobile app, they can choose whether to log in with their accounts. We argue that pre-login search plays a critical role in affecting consumers’ purchase decisions, although it has largely been overlooked in the literature. Using clickstream data, we adopt different econometric models to examine whether and how pre-login search affects the likelihood of purchase. Our results show that pre-login search behaviors are as important as post-login search to consumers’ purchase decisions. We also demonstrate that consumers’ purchase propensity increases at a diminishing rate with an increasing search effort during both pre- and post-login periods. Based on recommender systems (RSs) and paradox of choice theory, our results contribute to the burgeoning literature on consumer behavior in mobile commerce and provide novel insights to the strategic usage of RSs. Finally, we discuss theoretical and managerial implications

Harmful Freedom of Choice: Lessons from the Cellphone Market

This article focuses on the relationship between provider and customer, specifically on the complexity of available contracts in the cellphone market and the ways this complexity might be harmful to consumers. This article aims to elucidate the issues, fleshing them out both as a general phenomenon and as a specific implementation in the cellphone context. The aim is not to provide ultimate solutions, but to show the directions these solutions might take and the difficulties involved

... for they know not what they do : an exploratory review of the barriers to pro-environmental behaviour and policy approaches to address them

Given the extent and urgency of many sustainability challenges it is crucial that individuals change their behaviour to steer society towards a more sustainable future. Yet, a variety of barriers exist that hinder sufficient individual pro-environmental behaviour. As it is not only important to understand these barriers but also how to facilitate more pro-environmental behaviour, my research aim is to find out why people do not behave more environmentally friendly, to develop an analytical framework of the barriers to pro-environmental behaviour, and to explore potential ways to overcome these barriers. I reviewed academic literature on the barriers to pro-environmental behaviour using a subsumption technique and categorised them into four categories based on how they influence pro-environmental behaviour (problem awareness, motivation for and realisation of individual action, and sufficient action). Barriers discussed in the literature and their interrelations are presented. They range from psychological barriers such as worldviews and perceived inequality, to structural barriers such as lack of infrastructure and information overload. Even though the categories can be displayed as steps of awareness and motivation for individual environmentally friendly actions, pro-environmental behaviour does not require climbing these steps sequentially. Instead, policy can create shortcuts from each category directly to pro-environmental behaviour using adequate interventions (e.g. framing, convenience, infrastructure projects and cognitive dissonance). In general, policymakers as external actors appear powerful in removing barriers to individual pro-environmental behaviour, but in particular governments’ power in implementing individual behaviour change is constrained by the ideological foundation of liberal states, such as liberty and autonomy. Finally, taking both the problem-solving and critical approach of sustainability science, I conclude that the contextual nature of barriers allows little contribution from academic research to problem-solving and transdisciplinary approaches are needed to overcome barriers in real world settings. Furthermore, individual behaviour is constrained by existing structures which need to changes in order to achieve a sustainable future. My thesis contributes to sustainability science synthesising interdisciplinary knowledge of barriers to pro-environmental behaviour from fields such as psychology, economics, and sociology. This gives practitioners as well as academics a comprehensive understanding of the complex and dynamic field of barriers to pro-environmental behaviour and aims to generate inspiration for further research and interventions. In exploring how to overcome these barriers, my thesis contributes to one of sustainability science’s core questions aimed at improving human-nature interactions towards a more sustainable future

Rethinking the Regulation of Coercive Creditor Remedies

The phenomenal growth of personal installment credit over the past forty years has generated inevitable pressures for regulatory reform of consumer credit markets. Much of the impetus for consumer protection has stemmed from the perceived abuses that mark the process of coercive collection upon default. Some of these abuses have been identified, quite properly, as the sort of deceptive or fraudulent practices often associated with industries experiencing rapid growth. But other creditor remedies, though troublesome to many observers, cannot be as easily characterized. For example, many critics have challenged the common practice of self-help repossession and resale of consumer goods by secured creditors. Repossession belongs to a family of contractually created remedies, including wage assignments, confessions of judgment and waivers of exemption from execution, that is often characterized as coercive. Creditors are assumed to use the threat of these self-enforcing remedial options to coerce defaulting debtors to agree to one-sided settlements. The concept of lost value underlies the objection to most coercive creditor remedies. Creditors often pursue coercive collection in cases in which the benefits to the creditor appear to be significantly less than the costs imposed on the debtor. The punitive aspect of this destruction of value forms the primary justification for the recently promulgated Federal Trade Commission Credit Practices Rule, which prohibits such common credit terms as blanket security interests in household goods and contractual wage assignments. Indeed, the lost value assumption supplied the crucial argument that the benefits from regulating creditor remedies were far greater than the costs: since the prohibited practices are believed to cause more injury to consumers than corresponding benefits to creditors, prohibition should have only a modest effect on the price or the supply of installment credit. The lost-value thesis has also sparked a vigorous academic debate. William Whitford, developing ideas first suggested by Arthur Leff, has argued that information asymmetries lead to a systematic bargaining impasse between debtors and creditors. This impasse results either in repossessions that destroy value unnecessarily or in coercive threats that induce debtors to accept unfavorable settlements. Alan Schwartz, on the other hand, suggests that lost value is largely a perceptual illusion fueled by would-be regulators\u27 ignorance of the actual operation of credit markets. While conceding the possibility that creditors may threaten coercive action to induce repayment, Schwartz argues that they will do so only when the action represents the cost-minimizing collection option

Putting the Patient Back in Patient Care: Health Decision-Making from the Patient’s Perspective

This research explored health decision-making processes among people recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Our analysis suggested that diagnosis with type 2 was followed by a period of intense emotional and cognitive disequilibrium. Subsequently, the informants were observed to proceed to health decision-making which was affected by three separate and interrelated factors: knowledge, self-efficacy, and purpose. Knowledge included cognitive or factual components and emotional elements. Knowledge influenced the degree of upset or disequilibrium the patient experienced, and affected a second category, agency: the informants’ confidence in their ability to enact lifestyle changes. The third factor, purpose, summarized the personal and deeply held reasons people gave as they made decisions concerning their health, eating and exercising. We propose this model, grounded in informant stories, as a heuristic, to guide further inquiry. From these stories, the patient is seen as more active and the interrelated influences of knowledge, agency, and purpose, synergistically interact to explain changes in health behaviors

Avoiding Consumer Scapegoatism : Towards a Political Economy of Sustainable Living

Transitioning to sustainable living is a complex, conflicting, and highly contested issue. As part of this push, governments and businesses have focused on promoting green consumerism - framing people as primarily consumers with “a utility function” and seeking to solve the consumerism problem by paradoxically building consumer capacity to purchase more energy and material efficient products. The now-debunked assumption is that a critical mass of informed, ecologically conscious consumers can, through the market mechanism, apply pressure on producers and thus transform the economic system into a sustainable one. In this thesis I argue that this approach, which is driven by economistic thinking, is consumer scapegoatism, and is both simplistic and flawed. In light of the magnitude and urgency of the unsustainability problem, green consumerism could even be dangerous as it delays deployment of effective solutions. Consumer scapegoatism occurs when ecological imbalance is examined primarily through an economic-growth lens, and the critical role of addressing these systemic flaws is ascribed to the consumer without proper regard for whether he or she has the power to influence other more salient actors in the system. This thesis argues for the need to develop an explicit political economy approach to sustainable living research, policy and practice. Political economy asks questions about power, institutions and agency. For sustainable living, these would be questions such as: who benefits or loses from current patterns of consumption, what are the drivers and structures that propagate unsustainable consumption, where are the meaningful points of intervention that can have desired effects. Critical to finding solutions is in understanding the power dynamics around the issue. I analyse sustainable living as an issue of heterogeneous claims and conflicting interests. The means and practical implications of achieving sustainable living threaten the interests of powerful actors such as national governments, large transnational corporations, and institutions that together shape contemporary politics, policy, and markets. Such actors are also responsible for the systems of provisioning and choice architecture that largely predetermine how individuals and communities pursue and meet their needs. As heterogeneity and conflict of interests are essential to political economy, this approach is well situated as the organizing frame of the field of sustainable living. I discuss the main tensions embodied in the pursuit of sustainable living, and juxtapose these with characteristics of the political economy approach that make it a suitable research framing. Political economy characteristics include: understanding of social transition; interdisciplinarity in research design; use of a moral perspective; and praxis, or practice orientation. I emphasize the element of power as vital in the articulation of social transformation, and highlight the need for sustainable living research to undertake a systemic analysis of power. To apply this, I develop the In-Power framework for analysing power dynamics within a system. The in-power framework has four components: institutions, interests, instruments, and influence. Institutions set the conditions or “rules of the game” for how actors operate in the production-consumption system; Interests identify stakes, showing heterogeneity or homogeneity of those interests in the sustainable living issue; Instruments refer to sources of power and tools available to each stakeholder to support its objectives; and Influence refers to activities stakeholders undertake and reflects agency. I use the framework to analyse the global value chain of consumer goods with a view to understanding drivers of consumption, how power is wielded by stakeholders, and potential points of effective intervention that can enable sustainable living. Dismantling the architecture of unsustainability would invariably call for a questioning of corporate architechture, not only due to the environmental impact resulting from its mode of operation, but also its lock-in effect on institutions and other actors of society. By extension, understanding unsustainable consumption and approaching sustainable living has at its core the need to address the balance – or imbalance – in power dynamics between consumption patterns and corporate power. Using the in-power framework to analyse power flows in a value chain leads to identifying the nexus of influence and the lead actor. The nexus of influece is the concentration of stakeholders who act interdependently and who have a combined decisive influence on the final product and also on the eco-system around it. The lead actor is the main actor in the system with a critical marketing, technological, or financial edge that permits it to set the standards or specifications for other actors in the value chain, and the characteristics that determine its production and use. Thus I argue that consumer scapegoatism, assigning full responsibility to the consumer, is ineffective; a more effective approach to addressing the systemic flaws causing or caused by unsustainable consumption is to target the nexus of influence and the lead actors in order to reform the choice architecture and systems of provision upon which people depend for meeting their needs and wants. Finally, I discuss two points not addressed in this thesis but which are essential to the political economy of sustainable living. They are: the need to define parameters for a sustainable consumption space; and to move research on sustainable living out of the shadows of economics.Siirtymä kohti kestävää elämäntapaa on kompleksinen, ristiriitainen ja erittäin kiistanalainen asia. Osana tätä liikettä hallitukset ja liike-elämä ovat alkaneet edistämään vihreää kuluttajuutta – jossa ihmiset kehystetään pääasiassa kuluttajina, joilla on ”hyötyfunktio”, ja joka pyrkii ratkaisemaan kuluttajuuden ongelman paradoksaalisella tavalla lisäämällä kuluttajien kapasiteettia energia- ja materiaalitehokkaampien tuotteiden ostamiseen. Jo kumottu oletus on se, että informoitujen ja ekologisesti tiedostavien kuluttajien kriittinen massa voi antaa painetta tuottajia kohtaan markkinamekanismin kautta, ja näin muuttaa talousjärjestelmän kestävämmäksi. Tässä väitöksessä esitän, että kyseinen lähestymistapa, jota ajaa ekonomistinen ajattelu, tarkoittaa kuluttajan syyllistämistä ja on sekä yksinkertaistettu että virheellinen. Kestävyysongelman suuruuden ja kiireellisyyden valossa vihreä kuluttajuus voi olla jopa vaarallista viivyttäessään tehokkaiden ratkaisujen käyttöönottoa. Kuluttajien syyllistämistä ilmenee silloin, kun ekologista epätasapainotilaa tarkastellaan pääasiassa talouskasvun näkökulmasta ja näiden systeemisten vikojen korjaamisen kriittistä roolia tarjotaan kuluttajalle ilman asianmukaisen huomion kiinnittämistä siihen, onko kuluttajilla valtaa vaikuttaa järjestelmän muihin keskeisiin toimijoihin. Tässä väitöksessä puolletaan tarvetta kehittää eksplisiittisesti talouspoliittinen lähestymistapa kestävän elämäntavan tutkimiseen, poliittiseen päätöksentekoon ja käytäntöön. Poliittinen taloustiede kysyy valtaa, instituutioita ja toimijuutta koskevia kysymyksiä. Kestävän elämäntavan tapauksessa näitä kysymyksiä ovat esimerkiksi seuraavat: kuka hyötyy tai häviää nykyisten kulutuskäytäntöjen takia, mitkä tekijät ja rakenteet levittävät kestämätöntä kulutusta, missä sijaitsevat merkitykselliset intervention kohteet, joihin puuttumalla voidaan saavuttaa haluttuja vaikutuksia. Ratkaisujen löytämisessä kriittisen tärkeää on asiaa ympäröivien valtadynaamisten tekijöiden ymmärtäminen. Analysoin kestävää elämäntapaa ilmiönä, johon liittyy heterogeenisiä väitteitä ja ristiriitaisia intressejä. Kestävän elämäntavan saavuttamisen keinot ja käytännön seuraukset uhkaavat sellaisten voimakkaiden toimijoiden kuten kansallisvaltioiden, suurten ylikansallisten korporaatioiden ja instituutioiden intressejä, jotka yhdessä muokkaavat nykyistä politiikkaa, päätöksentekoa ja markkinoita. Nämä toimijat ovat myös vastuussa niistä rahoituksen ja valinta-arkkitehtuurin järjestelmistä, jotka määräävät pitkälti ennalta sen, miten yksilöt ja yhteisöt ajavat etujaan sekä täyttävät tarpeitaan. Koska heterogeenisyys ja eturistiriidat ovat keskeisiä poliittisessa taloustieteessä, tämä suuntaus on omiaan muodostamaan kestävän elämäntavan kenttää järjestävän kehyksen. Painotan valtaelementtiä keskeisenä tekijänä yhteiskunnallisen muutoksen artikuloinnissa ja korostan tarvetta ryhtyä vallan systeemiseen analyysiin kestävän elämäntavan tutkimuksessa. Tämän soveltamiseksi kehitän vallan tutkimuksen kehyksen (In-Power Framework), jolla vallan dynamiikkaa voidaan tutkia järjestelmän sisällä. Tämä kehys sisältää neljää osaa: instituutiot, intressit, instrumentit ja vaikutusvallan. Instituutiot asettavat “pelisääntöjen” reunaehdot sille, miten toimijat toimivat tuotannon ja kulutuksen järjestelmässä; intressit tunnistavat pelin panokset ja näyttävät näiden intressien hetero- tai homogeenisyyden kestävää elämäntapaa koskien; instrumentit viittaavat vallan lähteisiin ja niihin työkaluihin, joita jokaisella eturyhmällä on käytettävissään tavoitteidensa tueksi; ja vaikutusvalta viittaa eturyhmien toimiin, heijastaen toimijuutta. Käytän tätä kehystä analysoimaan kulutushyödykkeiden globaalia arvoketjua, pitäen silmällä kulutuksen muutosajurien, eturyhmien vallankäytön ja kestävää elämäntapaa mahdollistavien tehokkaiden interventiokohteiden ymmärtämistä. Kestämättömyyden arkkitehtuurin purkaminen vaatisi poikkeuksetta suuryritysarkkitehtuurin kyseenalaistamista sekä sen toimintatavan ympäristövaikutusten että sen yhteiskunnan instituutioita ja muita toimijoita sisäänsä sulkevan vaikutuksen takia. Laajemmin ajateltuna kestämättömän kulutuksen ymmärrys ja kestävän elämäntavan saavuttaminen pitävät sisällään tarpeen kiinnittää huomiota kulutuskäytäntöjen ja yritysten vallan välisen valtadynamiikan tasapainoon – tai epätasapainoon. Kehyksen käyttö arvoketjun valtasuhteiden analysointiin johtaa vaikutusvallan keskipisteen ja johtavan toimijan tunnistamiseen. Vaikutusvallan keskipisteessä on se eturyhmien keskittymä, joka toimii keskinäisriippuvaisella tavalla ja jolla on yhdessä ratkaisevaa vaikutusvaltaa lopputuotteeseen sekä sitä ympäröivään ekosysteemiin. Johtava toimija puolestaan on se järjestelmän pääasiallinen toimija, jolla on kriittistä markkinointiin, teknologiaan tai talouteen liittyvää kilpailuetua, joka antaa sen määrittää arvoketjun muiden toimijoiden standardit tai spesifikaatiot sekä tuotannon ja käytön määrittäviä ominaisuuksia. Näin ollen esitän, että kuluttajien syyllistäminen, eli kokonaisvastuun siirtäminen kuluttajien hartioille, on tehotonta; parempi tapa kestämättömän kulutuksen aiheuttamien tai kestämätöntä kulutusta aiheuttavien systeemisten vikojen korjaamiseen on ottaa kohteeksi vaikutusvallan keskipiste sekä johtavat toimijat, jolloin valinta-arkkitehtuuri ja ne järjestelmät, joista ihmiset ovat riippuvaisia tarpeidensa täyttämiseksi, voidaan reformoida. Lopuksi käsittelen kahta seikkaa, joita ei ole käsitelty tässä väitöksessä, mutta jotka ovat kuitenkin oleellisia kestävän elämäntavan talouspolitiikalle. Ne ovat tarve määrittää kestävän kulutuksen tilan parametrit, ja kestävää elämäntapaa koskevan tutkimuksen siirtäminen taloustieteen varjoista kohti keskustaa