Energy efficiency using cloud management of LTE networks employing fronthaul and virtualized baseband processing pool

The cloud radio access network (C-RAN) emerges as one of the future solutions to handle the ever-growing data traffic, which is beyond the physical resources of current mobile networks. The C-RAN decouples the traffic management operations from the radio access technologies, leading to a new combination of a virtualized network core and a fronthaul architecture. This new resource coordination provides the necessary network control to manage dense Long-Term Evolution (LTE) networks overlaid with femtocells. However, the energy expenditure poses a major challenge for a typical C-RAN that consists of extended virtualized processing units and dense fronthaul data interfaces. In response to the power efficiency requirements and dynamic changes in traffic, this paper proposes C-RAN solutions and algorithms that compute the optimal backup topology and network mapping solution while denying interfacing requests from low-flow or inactive femtocells. A graph-coloring scheme is developed to label new formulated fronthaul clusters of femtocells using power as the performance metric. Additional power savings are obtained through efficient allocations of the virtualized baseband units (BBUs) subject to the arrival rate of active fronthaul interfacing requests. Moreover, the proposed solutions are used to reduce power consumption for virtualized LTE networks operating in the Wi-Fi spectrum band. The virtualized network core use the traffic load variations to determine those femtocells who are unable to transmit to switch them off for additional power savings. The simulation results demonstrate an efficient performance of the given solutions in large-scale network models

Efficient Resource Management Mechanism for 802.16 Wireless Networks Based on Weighted Fair Queuing

Wireless Networking continues on its path of being one of the most commonly used means of communication. The evolution of this technology has taken place through the design of various protocols. Some common wireless protocols are the WLAN, 802.16 or WiMAX, and the emerging 802.20, which specializes in high speed vehicular networks, taking the concept from 802.16 to higher levels of performance. As with any large network, congestion becomes an important issue. Congestion gains importance as more hosts join a wireless network. In most cases, congestion is caused by the lack of an efficient mechanism to deal with exponential increases in host devices. This can effectively lead to very huge bottlenecks in the network causing slow sluggish performance, which may eventually reduce the speed of the network. With continuous advancement being the trend in this technology, the proposal of an efficient scheme for wireless resource allocation is an important solution to the problem of congestion. The primary area of focus will be the emerging standard for wireless networks, the 802.16 or “WiMAX”. This project, attempts to propose a mechanism for an effective resource management mechanism between subscriber stations and the corresponding base station

A study on stryi-icnos potatorum and pisum sativum as natural coagulants for meat food processing wastewater

Slow maintained load test is widely used by contractors in Malaysia to ensure the driven pile could accommodate the design load of the structure. Slow maintained load test is a test to determine load-settlement curve and pile capacity for a period of time using conventional load test. Conventional static pile load test equipment is large in size thus making it heavier and takes a long time to install. In addition, it consumes a lot of space which causes congestion at construction sites. Therefore, the objective of this thesis is to conduct a conventional load test by replacing the pile kentledge load with anchorage and reaction pile. Preparations of ten designs comprising six commercial designs were reviewed. In addition, four proposed designs were suggested for the setup. Final design was produced based on its safety factors and criteria referred via literature review. The test frame consists of reaction frame with four reaction helical pile with two helixes per reaction pile. The deformation shapes, safety factor, stress, and strain of the design and finite element of the model has been analysed with the use of SolidWorks and Pia.xis 30 software. SolidWorks software emphasizes on the model load-deflection relationship while Plaxis 30 ensures a correlation of reaction between pile uplift force and soil. Then, the model was tested on site to determine the relationship between physical load­deflection and pile-soil uplift force. The results of uplift force and displacement for numerical and physical test were nearly identical which increment of load­displacement graph pattern. The higher the uplift force, the higher the displacement obtained. In conclusion, the result obtained and the design may be considered as a guideline for future application of sustainable slow maintained pile load test

Machine Learning for Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) Networking

Fueled by the advancement of 5G new radio (5G NR), rapid development has occurred in many fields. Compared with the conventional approaches, beamforming and network slicing enable 5G NR to have ten times decrease in latency, connection density, and experienced throughput than 4G long term evolution (4G LTE). These advantages pave the way for the evolution of Cyber-physical Systems (CPS) on a large scale. The reduction of consumption, the advancement of control engineering, and the simplification of Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) enable the UAS networking deployment on a large scale to become feasible. The UAS networking can finish multiple complex missions simultaneously. However, the limitations of the conventional approaches are still a big challenge to make a trade-off between the massive management and efficient networking on a large scale. With 5G NR and machine learning, in this dissertation, my contributions can be summarized as the following: I proposed a novel Optimized Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (OAODV) routing protocol to improve the throughput of Intra UAS networking. The novel routing protocol can reduce the system overhead and be efficient. To improve the security, I proposed a blockchain scheme to mitigate the malicious basestations for cellular connected UAS networking and a proof-of-traffic (PoT) to improve the efficiency of blockchain for UAS networking on a large scale. Inspired by the biological cell paradigm, I proposed the cell wall routing protocols for heterogeneous UAS networking. With 5G NR, the inter connections between UAS networking can strengthen the throughput and elasticity of UAS networking. With machine learning, the routing schedulings for intra- and inter- UAS networking can enhance the throughput of UAS networking on a large scale. The inter UAS networking can achieve the max-min throughput globally edge coloring. I leveraged the upper and lower bound to accelerate the optimization of edge coloring. This dissertation paves a way regarding UAS networking in the integration of CPS and machine learning. The UAS networking can achieve outstanding performance in a decentralized architecture. Concurrently, this dissertation gives insights into UAS networking on a large scale. These are fundamental to integrating UAS and National Aerial System (NAS), critical to aviation in the operated and unmanned fields. The dissertation provides novel approaches for the promotion of UAS networking on a large scale. The proposed approaches extend the state-of-the-art of UAS networking in a decentralized architecture. All the alterations can contribute to the establishment of UAS networking with CPS

The Hybrid Algorithm for Data Collection over a Tree Topology in WSN

Wireless sensor networks have wide range of application such as analysis of traffic, monitoring of environmental, industrial process monitoring, technical systems, civilian and military application. Data collection is a basic function of wireless sensor networks (WSN) where sensor nodes determine attributes about a phenomenon of concern and transmits their readings to a common base station(sink node). In this paper, we use contention-free Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) support scheduling protocols for such data collection applications over tree-based routing topology. We represent a data gathering techniques to get the growing capacity, routing protocol all along with algorithms planned for remote wireless sensor networks. This paper describes about the model of sensor networks which has been made workable by the junction of micro-electro-mechanical systems technologies, digital electronics and wireless communications. Firstly the sensing tasks and the potential sensor network applications are explored, and assessment of factors influencing the design of sensor networks is provided. In our propose work using data compression and packet merging techniques; or taking advantage of the correlation in the sensor readings. Consider continuous monitoring applications where perfect aggregation is achievable, i.e., every node is capable of aggregate the entire packets expected from its children as well as that generate by itself into a particular packet before transmit in the direction of its sink node or base station or parent node. Keyword: Aggregation, Data Converge-cast, Data fusion, Energy Efficiency, Routing and TDMA

Spectrum Sharing in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks: WPE-II Written Report

A study by Federal Communication Commission shows that most of the spectrum in current wireless networks is unused most of the time, while some spectrum is heavily used. Recently dynamic spectrum access (DSA) has been proposed to solve this spectrum inefficiency problem, by allowing users to opportunistically access to unused spectrum. One important question in DSA is how to efficiently share spectrum among users so that spectrum utilization can be increased and wireless interference can be reduced. Spectrum sharing can be formalized as a graph coloring problem. In this report we focus on surveying spectrum sharing techniques in DSA networks and present four representative techniques in different taxonomy domains, including centralized, distributed with/without common control channel, and a real case study of DSA networks --- DARPA neXt Gen- eration (XG) radios. Their strengths and limitations are evaluated and compared in detail. Finally, we discuss the challenges in current spectrum sharing research and possible future directions

Energy Efficiency in Cooperative Wireless Sensor Networks

[EN] The transport of sensitive products is very important because their deterioration may cause the value lost and even the product rejection by the buyer. In addition, it is important to choose the optimal way to achieve this end. In a data network, the task of calculating the best routes is performed by routers. We can consider the optimal path as the one that provides a shortest route. However, if a real transport network is considered the shortest path can sometimes be affected by incidents and traffic jams that would make it inadvisable. On the other hand, when we need to come back, due to features that symmetry provides, it would be interesting to follow the same path in reverse sense. For this reason, in this paper we present a symmetric routing mechanism for cooperative monitoring system for the delivery of fresh products. The systems is based on a combination of fixed nodes and a mobile node that stores the path followed to be able of coming back following the same route in reverse sense. If this path is no longer available, the system will try to maintain the symmetry principle searching the route that provide the shortest time to the used in the initial trip. The paper shows the algorithm used by the systems to calculate the symmetric routes. Finally, the system is tested in a real scenario which combines different kind of roads. As the results shows, the energy consumption of this kind of nodes is highly influenced by the activity of sensors.This work has been supported by the "Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad", through the "Convocatoria 2014. Proyectos I+D -Programa Estatal de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica de Excelencia" in the "Subprograma Estatal de Generacion de Conocimiento", (project TIN2014-57991-C3-1- P) and the "programa para la Formacion de Personal Investigador - (FPI-2015-S2-884)" by the "Universitat Politecnica de Valencia".Sendra, S.; Lloret, J.; Lacuesta, R.; Jimenez, JM. (2019). Energy Efficiency in Cooperative Wireless Sensor Networks. Mobile Networks and Applications. 24(2):678-687. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11036-016-0788-3S678687242Derks HG, Buehler WS, Hall MB (2013) Real-time method and system for locating a mobile object or person in a tracking environment. US Patent 8514071 B2. Aug 20, 2013Witmond R, Dutta R, Charroppin P (2006) Method for tracking a mail piece. US Patent 7003376 B2, Feb 21, 2006Lu L, Liu Y, Han J (2015) ACTION: breaking the privacy barrier for RFID systems. Ad Hoc and Sensor Wireless Networks 24(1–2):135–159Dhakal S, Shin S (2013) Precise time system efficiency of a frame slotted aloha based anti-collision algorithm in a RFID system. Network Protocols and Algorithms 5(2):16–27. doi: 10.5296/npa.v5i2.3373Ghafoor KZ, Bakar KA, Lloret J, Khokhar RH, Lee KC (2013) Intelligent beaconless geographical forwarding for urban vehicular environments. Wirel Netw 19(3):345–362. doi: 10.1007/s11276-012-0470-zWeinsberg U, Shavitt Y, Schwartz Y (2009) Stability and symmetry of internet routing. In proc of the 2009 I.E. INFOCOM Workshops 2009, April 19–25, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, p 1–2 doi: 10.1109/INFCOMW.2009.5072192Garcia M, Bri D, Sendra S, Lloret J (2010) Practical deployments of wireless sensor networks: a survey. Int Journal on Advances in Networks and Services 3(1&2):163–178Bri D, Garcia M, Lloret J, Dini P (2009) Real deployments of wireless sensor networks. in Proc of the third International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications (SENSORCOMM’09), June 18–23. Athens (Greece), p 415–423 doi: 10.1109/SENSORCOMM.2009.69Karim L, Anpalagan A, Nasser N, Almhana J (2013) Sensor-based M2 M agriculture monitor-ing Systems for Developing Countries: state and challenges. Network Protocols and Algorithms 5(3):68–86. doi: 10.5296/npa.v5i3.3787Garcia M, Lloret J, Sendra S, Rodrigues JJPC (2011) Taking cooperative decisions in group-based wireless sensor networks. Lect Notes Comput Sci 6874:61–65. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-23734-8_9Garcia M, Sendra S, Lloret J, Lacuesta R (2010) Saving energy with cooperative group-based wireless sensor networks. Lect Notes Comput Sci 6240:231–238. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-16066-0_11Silva FN, Comin CH, Peron TKDM, Rodrigues FA, Ye C, Wilson RC, Hancock ER, Costa LF (2016) Concentric network symmetry. Inf Sci 333:61–80. doi: 10.1016/j.ins.2015.11.014Jedermann R, Schouten R, Sklorz A, Lang W, Van Kooten O (2006) Linking keeping quality models and sensor systems to an autonomous transport supervision system. In proc of the 2nd Int Workshop Cold Chain Management, May 8–9, Bonn, Germany, p 3–18Li J, Cao J (2015) Survey of object tracking in wireless sensor networks. Ad Hoc and Sensor Wireless Networks 25(1–2):89–120Shamsuzzoha A, Addo-Tenkorang R, Phuong D, Helo P. (2011). Logistics tracking: An implementation issue for delivery network. In proc of the PICMET’11: Conference Technology Management in the Energy Smart World, July 31–August 4, Portland, (Oregon-USA) p 1–10Torres RV, Sanchez JC, Galan LM (2014) Unmarked point and adjacency vertex, mobility models for the generation of emergency and rescue scenarios in urban areas. Ad Hoc and Sensor Wireless Networks 23(3–4):211–233Paxson V (1997) Measurements and Analysis of End-to-End Internet Dynamics. (Ph.D. Thesis). University of California, Berkeley. April, 1997. Available at: ftp://ftp.ee.lbl.gov/papers/vp-thesis/ Last access: 18 Oct 2016Codish M, Frank M, Itzhakov A, Miller A. (2014). Solving Graph Coloring Problems with Abstraction and Symmetry. AarXiv preprint arXiv:1409.5189. Available at: http://arxiv.org/abs/1409.5189 Last access: 18 Oct 2016Chambers D, Flapan E (2014) Topological symmetry groups of small complete graphs. Symmetry 6(2):189–209. doi: 10.3390/sym6020189Gong Y, Zhang W, Zhang Z, Li Y (2016) Research and implementation of traffic sign recognition system. Wireless Communications, Networking and Applications 348:553–560. doi: 10.1007/978-81-322-2580-5_50Waspmote features (2016) In Digi Web Site. Available at: http://www.digi.com/products/wireless-wired-embedded-solutions/zigbee-rf-modules/point-multipoint-rfmodules/xbee-series1-module#specs , Last access: 18 Oct 2016Wang Z, Lu M, Yuan X, Zhang J, Van De Wetering H (2013) Visual traffic jam analysis based on trajectory data. IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph 19(12):2159–2168. doi: 10.1109/TVCG.2013.228Meghanathan N, Mumford P (2013) Centralized and distributed algorithms for stability-based data gathering in mobile sensor networks. Network Protocols and Algorithms 5(4):84–116. doi: 10.5296/npa.v5i4.4208Alrajeh NA, Khan S, Lloret J, Loo J (2014) Artificial neural network based detection of energy exhaustion attacks in wireless sensor networks capable of energy harvesting. Ad Hoc & Sensor Wireless Networks 22(3–4):109–133Garcia M, Sendra S, Lloret J, Canovas A (2013) Saving energy and improving communications using cooperative group-based wireless sensor networks. Telecommun Syst 52(4):2489–2502. doi: 10.1007/s11235-011-9568-