Mexico’s Progresa-Oportunidades and the emergence of social assistance in Latin America

This paper provides an overview of the political and economic context under which Mexico’s Progresa-Oportunidades was introduced to prelude the emergence of social assistance in Latin America. The paper identifies four distinctive features of the programme that were revolutionary in their own right. First, the Progresa-Oportunidades embraced a multidimensional approach to poverty, linking income transfers with simultaneous interventions in health, education and nutrition. Second, the programme focused on the poor. This is in clear contrast to generalised food subsidies and other targeted interventions that dominated the antipoverty agenda in the past. Third, the programme followed a complex system of identification and selection of beneficiaries to prevent discretionary political manipulation of public funds. Finally, an independent impact evaluation protocol proved to be critical for both improving the programme’s effectiveness and strengthening its legitimacy across different political factions and constituencies. The paper concludes that the success of Progresa-Oportunidades must be understood in a broader context, where a harsh economic and political environment, coupled with a rapid democratisation and increasing political competition, laid down the foundations for the introduction and then sustained expansion of the programmesocial assistance, poverty, human development, Latin America, Mexico

La política de desarrollo comunitaria en el umbral del siglo XXI

La Unión Europea, a través de su primer pilar, el comunitario, se ha convertido en un actor sumamente importante en la moderna política de cooperación al desarrollo. La lucha contra la pobreza y las desigualdades internacionales se ha convertido en un tema esencial de la agenda internacional de nuestros días. La Unión está en buenas condiciones para experimentar con nuevos enfoques y para responder con rapidez ante los cambios de prioridades que imponen tanto la evolución de sus intereses como la de la escena internacional. La Comisión Europea ha lanzado recientemente nuevas propuestas renovadoras de la política de cooperación y ha reformado profundamente sus instrumentos de gestión. El Consejo de Ministros, por su parte, ha tomado decisiones que afectarán a la política de desarrollo en los próximos años. Uno de los aspectos más destacados de la acción comunitaria estriba en el decidido apoyo prestado a las vínculos entre desarrollo y democracia. La ayuda a esta última se configura hoy como una de las palancas para promover el primero. La Unión ha ganado ya experiencia en este campo difícil que aparece en la actualidad como uno de los más importantes retos para la política comunitaria del futuro. El artículo, basado en documentación oficial comunitaria, está impregnado por las experiencias de su autor, funcionario en la Comisión Europea durante casi quince años. _________________________________________The European Union has become, via its first pillar (the Community framework), one of the most important actors in development cooperation policy. Fighting poverty and international inequality are essential items on todays´s international agenda. The European Union is in an excellent position to work out new approaches to development cooperation and to respond quickly to changes in its own priorities. This is a consequence of the Union´s envolving interests and of its reactions to the rapidly chancing international environment. The European Commission has recently submitted a number of new proposals with the intention of updating and renewing the Union´s development policies. The Commission has also extensively amended its management structure and tools for dealing with the challenges of development. The Council of Ministers has taken several decisions which will shape the Union´s development cooperation policy for years to come. One of the most outstanding aspects of Community action in this area is the emphasis which has been put on the linkages between support for democracy and development assistance. The former has become an essential tool for gaining leverage to promote development. This article, based on Community documents, reflects the author´s experience as a senior Commission official for almost fifteen years

Capital extranjero en la economía peruana: políticas y negociaciones en la década de los setenta

Incluye BibliografíaAnaliza la significacion que tienen las empresas extranjeras dentro de la economia peruana; identifica las actividades economicas en las que tienen una presencia predominante; examina el comportamiento del capital extranjero frente a los cambios que experimento la politica de desarrollo; estudia las nuevas formas de negociacion; y delimita la naturaleza de los conflictos con el capital extranjero

Informe Sobre Los Resultados Del Programa de Investigacion de los Recursos Pesqueros Del Lago de Nicaragua

E1 Instituto de Fomento Nacional (INFONAC), basado en los principios de su Ley Creadora y en la politica de desarrollo pesquero que se ha trazado, tome en el mes de Enero de 1971, la firme determinacion de iniciar el Programa de Investigacion de los Recursos Pesqueros del Lago de Nicaragua con una duracion estimada de tres (3) aiios, teniendo como base de operaciones la Ciudad de Granada

Agentes del "desarrollo"

Incluye BibliografíaDescribe cada una de las diferentes categorias de agentes y sus implicaciones en la planificacion, que deben ser tomados en cuenta en una consideracion realista en la formacion de una politica de desarrollo, los problemas que se presentan en el camino de politicas coherentes respaldadas por amplias coaliciones de agentes, y la forma en que pueden solucionar estos problemas en un esfuerzo concertado de planificacion

Informe Sobre Los Resultados Del Programa de Investigacion de los Recursos Pesqueros Del Lago de Nicaragua

E1 Instituto de Fomento Nacional (INFONAC), basado en los principios de su Ley Creadora y en la politica de desarrollo pesquero que se ha trazado, tome en el mes de Enero de 1971, la firme determinacion de iniciar el Programa de Investigacion de los Recursos Pesqueros del Lago de Nicaragua con una duracion estimada de tres (3) aiios, teniendo como base de operaciones la Ciudad de Granada

A Subnational Examination of HIV/AIDS Mortality Rates in Mexico as a Function of the Social Gap Index and Multidimensional Poverty

Background: While Mexico has maintained a relatively low prevalence of HIV/AIDS and provides universal coverage of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), HIV/AIDS mortality rates have failed to decrease at the national level. However, national trends mask heterogeneity in HIV/AIDS incidence and mortality across states and regions, a finding which likely parallels the distribution of social and economic inequality in Mexico. Objectives: As HIV/AIDS mortality likely differs as a function of community social and material deprivation, I evaluated the states’ annual HIV/AIDS mortality rates in Mexican residents aged 15 and over as a function of the Social Gap Index (SGIx) for each year from 2004-2011. Additionally, I evaluated the relationship between indicators of a state’s educational attainment, healthcare deprivation, and prevalence of poverty with annual mortality rates for each year from 2004-2011. Methods: Using demographic information and mortality data from the Mexican Ministry of Health’s Epidemiological and Statistical Mortality System and population level measures of social and material deprivation from The National Council for Evaluation of Social Development and Policy, univariate regression analysis and Pearson correlation were conducted to examine the relationship between annual mortality rate with state level indicators of educational gap, healthcare access, and poverty. Additionally ANOVA was conducted to examine the relationship with between annual mortality rate and state SGIx. All analyses were conducted for each year from 2004-2011. Results: Mean annual mortality rate at the national level steadily increased from 2005 (M=3.11, SD=1.67) to 2011 (M=3.97, SD=2.32), with the greatest mortality rate in the state of Tabasco (10.45 per 100,000) in 2010. Regression analysis and Pearson correlation indicated no statistically significant relationship between annual mortality and the component variables at the state level. Similarly, the relationship between state SGIx score and annual mortality rate was not statistically significant. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the limited predictive validity of state and population level measures in determining HIV/AIDS mortality rates. This is likely due to the concentration of HIV/AIDS among high-risk subpopulations in Mexico. Coupled with the limited effectiveness of universal HAART therapy, this suggests the need for future research which specifically samples from high-risk population groups, including men who have sex with men and female commercial sex workers

Fuentes de financiación para las empresas del sector turístico

Universidad de Sevilla. Grado en Turism