Transfer Learning with Deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for Pneumonia Detection using Chest X-ray

Pneumonia is a life-threatening disease, which occurs in the lungs caused by either bacterial or viral infection. It can be life-endangering if not acted upon in the right time and thus an early diagnosis of pneumonia is vital. The aim of this paper is to automatically detect bacterial and viral pneumonia using digital x-ray images. It provides a detailed report on advances made in making accurate detection of pneumonia and then presents the methodology adopted by the authors. Four different pre-trained deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)- AlexNet, ResNet18, DenseNet201, and SqueezeNet were used for transfer learning. 5247 Bacterial, viral and normal chest x-rays images underwent preprocessing techniques and the modified images were trained for the transfer learning based classification task. In this work, the authors have reported three schemes of classifications: normal vs pneumonia, bacterial vs viral pneumonia and normal, bacterial and viral pneumonia. The classification accuracy of normal and pneumonia images, bacterial and viral pneumonia images, and normal, bacterial and viral pneumonia were 98%, 95%, and 93.3% respectively. This is the highest accuracy in any scheme than the accuracies reported in the literature. Therefore, the proposed study can be useful in faster-diagnosing pneumonia by the radiologist and can help in the fast airport screening of pneumonia patients.Comment: 13 Figures, 5 tables. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2003.1314

FAKTOR RISIKO PNEUMONIA PADA ANAK UMUR 1-3 TAHUN DI WILAYAH PUSKESMAS KEMRANJEN I KABUPATEN BANYUMAS TAHUN 2005

Infeksi saluran pernafasan akut merupakan salah satu penyebab kematian terbesar pada anak di negara sedang berkembang. Di Indonesia dari sekitar 450.000 kematian balita yang terjadi setiap tahun 150.000 diantaranya disebabkan oleh ISPA terutama karena pneumonia. Kasus pneumonia di Puskesmas I Kemranjen sejak tahun 2002 sampai tahun 2004 termasuk ke 10 besar penyakit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keterkaitan faktor risiko intrinsik (status gizi, status imunisasi, jenis kelamin dan pemberian ASI) dan faktor ekstrinsik (tipe rumah, ventilasi, jenis bahan bakar, kepadatan hunian, pendidikan ibu, umur ibu) dengan kejadian pneumonia pada umur 1-3 tahun di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Kemranjen I. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dari Bulan Januari sampai Maret 2005 dengan menggunakan metode kasus kontrol. Lokasi penelitian adalah wilayah Puskesmas Kemranjen I. Analisa data dilakukan dengan SPSS 10 menggunakan tabel 2x2, Cl 95% dan alfa= 0,05 serta dihitung besarnya kekuatan hubungan dengan menghitung nilai Odds ratio Berdasarkan analisis didapatkan hasil sebagai berikut: lama pemberian ASI, 1 tahun berisiko dengan kejadian pneumonia pada anak umur 1-3 tahun dengan nilai p=0,46 dan OR=2,741 pada Cl (95%) = 1,107-6,787; tipe rumah non permanen dengan kejadian pneumonia pada anak umur 1-3 tahun dengan nilai p=0,001 dan OR=7,295 pada Cl (95%)= 2,245-23,706; luas ventilasi/jendela rumah < 10% dari luas lantai rumah berisiko dengankejadian pneumonia pada anak umur 1-3 tahun denga nilai p=0,001 dan OR=8,603pada Cl (95%)= 3,27-22,598; pemakaian kayu bakar berisiko dengan kejadian pneumonia pada anak umur 1-3 tahun dengan nilai p=0,003 dan OR=4,205 pada Cl (95%)= 2,21,704-10,377; kepadatan hunian rumah <0,7 berisiko dengan kejadian pneumonia pada anak umur 1-3 tahun dengan nilai p=0,005 dan OR=4,046 pada Cl (95%)= 1,605-10,201. kejadian pneumonia didominasi oleh faktor eksterm yaitu tipe rumah, ventilasi rumah, kepadatan hunian, pemakaian jenis bahan bakar dan faktor intern yaitu lama pemberian ASI. Berdasarkan kesimpulan yang didapat penulis menyarankan agar kegiatan pamantauan kasus pneumonia dilaksanakan secara rutin, menggunakan hasil penelitian ini sebagai dasar untuk membuat desain kegiatan pencegahan dan pemberantasan pneumonia. Melakukan penyuluhan secara berkala untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan orang tua balita tantang ISPA dan pneumonia serta pencegahan kasus pneumonia dengan penekanan pada perbaikan lingkungan perumahan. Kata Kunci: pneumonia, anak umur 1-3 tahun, faktor intrinsik dan ekstrinsi

FAKTOR EKSENTRIK LINGKUNGAN RUMAH YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KEJADIAN PNEUMONIA PADA BALITA DI WILAYAH PUSKESMAS I BANJARNEGARA TAHUN 2004

Infeksi Saluran Pernafasan Akut merupakan salah satu penyebab kematian terbesar pada anak dinegara berkembang.Di Indonesia dari sekitar 450.000 kematian balita yang terjadi setiap tahun 150.000 diantaranya disebabkan oleh ISPA terutama karena Pneumonia.Jumlah kasus Pneumonia di Puskesmas I Banjarnegara sejak tahun 2002 sampai bulan Mei 2004 menduduki peringkat pertama diantara Puskesmas lainnya diwilayah Banjarnegara.Faktor resiko kejadian Pneumonia terdiri dari faktor intrinsik meliputi pemberian ASI,status gizi dan status imunisasi,keadaannya diwilayah Puskesmas I Banjarnegara baik yang telah memenuhi target,sedangkan faktor eksentrik belum ada datanya. Penelitian ini menggunakaan metode kasus kontrol.Analisa data dilakukan dengan SPSS 10 menggunakan tabel 2x2,CI=95% dan alfa=0,0005 serta dihitung besarnya kekuatan hubungan dengan menghitung nilai Odds Ratio. Berdasarkan analisa didapatkan hasil sebagai berikut:ada hubungan antarakontruksi rumah dengan kejadian Pneumonia (tidak permanen-semi permanen)p=0,004 OR=6,857 CI(95%)=1,826-25,754 dan tidak permanen-permanen p=0,01 OR=8,750 C1(95%)=2,319-33,020),ada hubungan antar jenis lantai dengan kejadian Pneumonia (p=0,0001 OR=4,235 CI(95%)=1,196-5,614)ada hubungan antar percahayaan rumah dengan kejadian Pneumonia (p=0,0001 OR=22 CI(95%)=7,848-61,670)ada hubungan antar keberadaan asap dapur dengan kejadian Pneumonia (p=0,00001 OR=(5,612 CI(95%)=2,696-11,681),ada hubungan antara jenis bahan bakar dengan kejadian pneumonia(p=0,0001 OR+41,250 CI(95%)=13,263-128,293),ada hubungan antara fentilasi rumah dengan kejadian pneumonia (p=0,0001 OR=11,500 CI(95%)=5,006-26,418. Berdasarkan kesimpulan yang didapat penulis menyarankan perbaikan lingkungan perumahan untuk mengurangi resiko terkena pneumonia pada balita,misalnyaberupa pembuatan ventilasi/jendela,penggunaan genting kaca,pembuatan penyekat antara dapur dengan ruang lain,dengan tetap memperhatikan status ekonomi masyarakat. Kata Kunci: pneumonia,balita,faktor eksentrik lingkungan rumah THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR EXTRINSIC OF HOUSE WITH PNEUMONIA OCCURENCE ON CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS IN THE WORKING AREA OF COMMUNITY HEALT CENTER OF BANJARNEGARA I IN YEARS 2004 Acute Respiratory Infection represents one of the biggest death cause of childrent in developing country.In indonesia from about 450.000 death on children under 5 years old that happenedevery year 150.000 among other things because of Acute Respiratory Infection especially of pneumonia .According to survey of health of pneumonia Domestic represent the second death cause and become the first one in the year 1992.The amount of pneumonia Case in comunity Health center of Banjarnegara I since year 2002 up to May 2004 occupying first grade among other Community Health center of Banjarnegara District.Risk factor of pneumonia occurence consisted by intrinsic an extrinsic factor .Intrinsic factor cover the best feeding nutrient status and imunization status,its circumstance in region of good community Health Center of Banjarnegara I and have fulfiled the goals,for the extrinsic factor not yet been god its data.This resears used a case control method.Data analyzing was done by SPSS 10 by using table 2x2,CI=95% and alfa=0,05 was also calculated the levelof relation strength by calculating value of Odds Ratio.Fromresearch showed that was corelation between house contruction with the pneumonia occurence (p=0,01),there was corelation between floor type with the pneumonia occurence(0,001 OR=4,235 CI(95%)=2,000-8,967),there was corelation between house dencity with pneumonia occurence (p=0,014 OR=2,591CI(95%)=1,196-5,614),there was corelation between house illumination with the pneumonia occurence (p=0,001 OR=22 CI(95%)=7,484-61,670),ther was corelation between existence of kitchen smoke with the pneumonia occurence (p=0,0001 OR=5,612 CI(95%)=2,696-11,681),there was corelation between foel type with the pneumonia occurence (p=0,0001 OR=4,008 CI(95%)=1,932-8,313),there was corelation between humidity with the pneumonia occurence (p=0,0001 OR=4,008 CI(95%)=1,932-8,313),there was corelation between humidity with the pneumonia occurence (p=0,0001 OR=41,250 CI(95%)=13,263-128,293),there was corelation between house ventilation with the pneumonia occurence (p=0,0001 OR=11,500 CI(95%)=6,006-26,418).In conclition,it suggest the environmental housing repair to decrease pneumonia risk on childrent under 5 years,for example making ventilation/window,use glass tile,makingisulator between kitchen with other room,but steel concidering econmic status of society. Keyword : pneumonia,children under 5 years,environmental factor extrinsic of hous

Retrospective Review of Fluoroscopic Swallowing Studies and Outcomes at an Academic Health Center

Introduction: Aspiration is often associated with underlying medical conditions and can cause pneumonia or death. Aspiration risk can be assessed via video fluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) or barium swallow (BaSw). We aimed to assess the diagnoses and clinical course of patients who were evaluated for potential aspiration through VFSS or BaSw to determine if there is a degree of aspiration that increases the risk of developing pneumonia and/or death. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of 374 patients in TJUH who were evaluated via VFSS or BaSw from January 1 to June 30, 2017. We recorded the degree and contents of aspiration, the underlying diagnoses, and evidence of subsequent pneumonia. We then collected data for any future admissions concerning for pneumonia. Results: Of the 374 patients, 165 had swallowing studies positive for laryngeal penetration or aspiration. Of the 165 patients, 78 patients (47.2%) had evidence of clinical and radiological pneumonia, and 18 of those 78 patients (23.1%) died. We found that 61 of 165 exhibited laryngeal penetration. Of those 61, 23 patients (37.7%) showed clinical and radiological signs of pneumonia, and 7 of the 23 (30.4%) died of aspiration pneumonia. Discussion: The incidence of pneumonia was considerable in persons with an abnormal swallow and the mortality rate was substantial. Minimally abnormal swallows with laryngeal penetration, but no true aspiration, still had serious consequences. While the incidence of pneumonia was lower (37.7%), there was a substanitial mortality rate (30.4%)

Impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination: a retrospective study of hospitalization for pneumonia in North-East Italy

Introduction. Pneumonia remains a common reason for hospitalizing infants and the elderly worldwide, and streptococcal infection is often responsible. The aim of this study was to assess the burden of pneumonia in a large general population. Methods. All pneumonia-related hospitalizations from 2004 to 2013 in north-east Italy were identified from the hospital records with a first-listed diagnosis on discharge of bacterial pneumonia, or a first-listed diagnosis on discharge of meningitis, septicemia or empyema associated with a secondary diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia. We identified major comorbidities, calculated agespecific case-fatality rates (CFR), and estimated the related cost to the health care system. Results. Of the 125,722 hospitalizations identified, 96.9% were cases of pneumonia, 2.4% of septicemia, 0.4% of meningitis, and 0.3% of empyema; 75.3% of hospitalizations involved 65 65-yearolds. The overall CFR was 12.4%, and it increased with age, peaking in people over 80 (19.6%). The mean annual pneumonia-associated hospitalization rate was 204.6 per 100,000 population, and it peaked in 0- to 4-year-old children (325.6 per 100,000 in males, 288.9 per 100,000 in females), and adults over 65 (844.9 per 100,000 in males, 605.7 per 100,000 in females). Hospitalization rates dropped over the years for the 0-4 year-olds, and rose for people over 80. The estimated overall annual cost of these pneumonia-related hospitalizations was approximately \u20ac 41 million. Conclusions. This study shows that the burden on resources for pneumonia-related hospitalization is an important public health issue. Prevention remains the most valuable tool for containing pneumonia, and vaccination strategies can help in the primary prevention of infection, possibly reducing the number of cases in all age groups

Diagnosis and management of pneumonia in the emergency department.

Pneumonia is a condition that is often treated by emergency physicians. This article reviews the diagnosis and management of pneumonia in the emergency department and highlights dilemmas in diagnostic testing, use of blood and sputum cultures, hospital admission decisions, infection control, quality measures for pneumonia care, and empiric antimicrobial therapy

Hospitalization for pneumonia is associated with decreased 1-year survival in patients with type 2 diabetes results from a prospective cohort study

Diabetes mellitus is a frequent comorbid conditions among patients with pneumonia living in the community. The aim of our study is to evaluate the impact of hospitalization for pneumonia on early (30 day) and late mortality (1 year) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Prospective comparative cohort study of 203 patients with type 2 diabetes hospitalized for pneumonia versus 206 patients with diabetes hospitalized for other noninfectious causes from January 2012 to December 2013 at Policlinico Umberto I (Rome). Enrolled patients were followed up to discharge and up to 1 year after initial hospital admission or death. Overall, 203 patients with type 2 diabetes admitted to hospital for pneumonia were compared to 206 patients with type 2 diabetes admitted for other causes (39.3% decompensated diabetes, 21.4% cerebrovascular diseases, 9.2% renal failure, 8.3% acute myocardial infarction, and 21.8% other causes). Compared to control patients, those admitted for pneumonia showed a higher 30-day (10.8% vs 1%, P&lt;0.001) and 1-year mortality rate (30.3% vs 16.8%, P&lt;0.001). Compared to survivors, nonsurvivor patients with pneumonia had a higher incidence of moderate to severe chronic kidney disease, hemodialysis, and malnutrition were more likely to present with a mental status deterioration, and had a higher number of cardiovascular events during the follow-up period. Cox regression analysis found age, Charlson comorbidity index, pH&lt;7.35 at admission, hemodialysis, and hospitalization for pneumonia as variables independently associated with mortality. Hospitalization for pneumonia is associated with decreased 1-year survival in patients with type 2 diabetes, and appears to be a major determinant of long-term outcome in these patients

Risk factors for chest infection in acute stroke: a prospective cohort study

&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background and Purpose:&lt;/b&gt; Pneumonia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality after stroke. We aimed to determine key characteristics that would allow prediction of those patients who are at highest risk for poststroke pneumonia.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Methods:&lt;/b&gt; We studied a series of consecutive patients with acute stroke who were admitted to hospital. Detailed evaluation included the modified National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; the Abbreviated Mental Test; and measures of swallow, respiratory, and oral health status. Pneumonia was diagnosed by set criteria. Patients were followed up at 3 months after stroke.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; We studied 412 patients, 391 (94.9%) with ischemic stroke and 21 (5.1%) with hemorrhagic stroke; 78 (18.9%) met the study criteria for pneumonia. Subjects who developed pneumonia were older (mean±SD age, 75.9&#177;11.4 vs 64.9&#177;13.9 years), had higher modified National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores, a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lower Abbreviated Mental Test scores, and a higher oral cavity score, and a greater proportion tested positive for bacterial cultures from oral swabs. In binary logistic-regression analysis, independent predictors (P&#60;0.05) of pneumonia were age &#62;65 years, dysarthria or no speech due to aphasia, a modified Rankin Scale score ≥4, an Abbreviated Mental Test score &#60;8, and failure on the water swallow test. The presence of 2 or more of these risk factors carried 90.9% sensitivity and 75.6% specificity for the development of pneumonia.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; Pneumonia after stroke is associated with older age, dysarthria/no speech due to aphasia, severity of poststroke disability, cognitive impairment, and an abnormal water swallow test result. Simple assessment of these variables could be used to identify patients at high risk of developing pneumonia after stroke.&lt;/p&gt