39 research outputs found
Routing and Spectrum Allocation in Spectrum-Sliced Elastic Optical Path Networks: A Primal-Dual Framework
The recent decade has witnessed a tremendous growth of Internet traffic, which is expected to continue climbing for the foreseeable future. As a new paradigm, Spectrum-sliced Elastic Optical Path (SLICE) networks promise abundant (elastic) bandwidth to address the traffic explosion, while bearing other inherent advantages including enhanced signal quality and extended reachability. The fundamental problem in SLICE networks is to route each traffic demand along a lightpath with continuously and consecutively available sub-carriers, which is known as the Routing and Spectrum Allocation (RSA) problem. Given its NP-Hardness, the solutions to the RSA problem can be classified into two categories: optimal solutions using link-based, path-based, and channel-based Integer Linear Programming (ILP) models, which require extensive computational time; and sub-optimal heuristic and meta-heuristic algorithms, which have no guarantee on the solution quality. In this work, inspired by a channel-based ILP model, we propose a novel primal-dual framework to address the RSA problem, which can obtain a near-optimal solution with guaranteed per-instance closeness to the optimal solution
Protection in space division multiplexing elastic optical networks
Orientador: Nelson Luis Saldanha da FonsecaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de ComputaçãoResumo: A multiplexação por divisão espacial é uma solução promissora para que as redes ópticas elásticas possam lidar com o esgotamento esperado da capacidade das redes de único núcleo. A introdução da multiplexação por divisão espacial em redes ópticas traz novos desafios para proteção de redes, uma vez que um caminho de luz pode abranger uma alta capacidade e transmitir dados a diferentes taxas. Adicionalmente, a enorme quantidade de tráfego nestas redes provocam a necessidade de proteção contra falhas, uma vez que essas são relativamente frequentes; atualmente, a taxa de falha de um corte de fibra é uma a cada quatro dias. Muitos estudos sobre redes ópticas têm sido desenvolvidos e relatados na literatura. No entanto, apenas recentemente, o estudo de multiplexação espacial para redes ópticas elásticas tem sido considerado. Nesse contexto, embora algoritmos de roteamento e alocação de núcleo e espectro tenham sido propostos na literatura, poucos trabalhos consideram proteção. Além disso, o compartilhamento de recursos de backup não é considerado. Nesta tese, propõe-se soluções de proteção em redes ópticas elásticas com multiplexação espacial, visando a redução do bloqueio de requisições para estabelecimento de conexão, o melhoramento da utilização dos recursos em redes ópticas elásticas com multiplexação espacial, considerando diferentes cenários de carga e topologias. Para tal, o problema de proteção destas redes levará em consideração a utilização de caminhos de proteção, diferentes formatos de modulação, o uso de agregação de tráfego, o uso de sobreposição de espectro em caminhos de proteção, interferência mínima e roteamento multicaminho. Diversos algoritmos foram propostos e avaliados para prover 100% de proteção contra ocorrência de uma falha, bem como um algoritmo para proteção contra duas falhas simultâneas. Os resultados indicam que os algoritmos propostos produzem um melhor desempenho quando comparado ao desempenho dos algoritmos existentes na literaturaAbstract: Spatial division multiplexing is a promising solution proposed for elastic optical networks to cope with the expected depletion of the capacity of single core networks. The introduction of space division multiplexing in optical networks brings new challenges for network protection since a lightpath can span high capacity and transmit data at different rates. In addition, there is the great need for protection mechanisms against failure due to the high volume of traffic carried in these networks. Failure is quite frequent in operational optical networks, it is estimated that there is a failure every four hours. Several studies on optical networks have been carried out but, only recently, the study of spatial division multiplexing for elastic optical networks has been considered. In this context, although routing, spectrum, and core allocation algorithms have been proposed in the literature, only a few papers consider protection. In addition, sharing of backup resources is not considered. In this thesis, it is proposed to provide protection solutions in spatial division multiplexing elastic optical networks, for reducing the blocking of requests for connection establishment, as well as improving the use of resources, considering different load scenarios and topologies. For this, the protection problem of these networks will take into consideration the use of protection paths, different modulation formats, the use of traffic grooming, the use of spectrum overlap in protection paths, minimum interference and multipath routing. Several algorithms are proposed in this thesis to provide 100% protection against a single failure and one algorithm for two simultaneous failure. results indicate that these algorithms overperform existing onesDoutoradoCiência da ComputaçãoDoutor em Ciência da Computação165446/2015-3CNPQCAPE
Enabling Technology in Optical Fiber Communications: From Device, System to Networking
This book explores the enabling technology in optical fiber communications. It focuses on the state-of-the-art advances from fundamental theories, devices, and subsystems to networking applications as well as future perspectives of optical fiber communications. The topics cover include integrated photonics, fiber optics, fiber and free-space optical communications, and optical networking
Software Defined Applications in Cellular and Optical Networks
abstract: Small wireless cells have the potential to overcome bottlenecks in wireless access through the sharing of spectrum resources. A novel access backhaul network architecture based on a Smart Gateway (Sm-GW) between the small cell base stations, e.g., LTE eNBs, and the conventional backhaul gateways, e.g., LTE Servicing/Packet Gateways (S/P-GWs) has been introduced to address the bottleneck. The Sm-GW flexibly schedules uplink transmissions for the eNBs. Based on software defined networking (SDN) a management mechanism that allows multiple operator to flexibly inter-operate via multiple Sm-GWs with a multitude of small cells has been proposed. This dissertation also comprehensively survey the studies that examine the SDN paradigm in optical networks. Along with the PHY functional split improvements, the performance of Distributed Converged Cable Access Platform (DCCAP) in the cable architectures especially for the Remote-PHY and Remote-MACPHY nodes has been evaluated. In the PHY functional split, in addition to the re-use of infrastructure with a common FFT module for multiple technologies, a novel cross functional split interaction to cache the repetitive QAM symbols across time at the remote node to reduce the transmission rate requirement of the fronthaul link has been proposed.Dissertation/ThesisDoctoral Dissertation Electrical Engineering 201
Virtualisation and resource allocation in MECEnabled metro optical networks
The appearance of new network services and the ever-increasing network traffic and number
of connected devices will push the evolution of current communication networks towards the
Future Internet.
In the area of optical networks, wavelength routed optical networks (WRONs) are evolving
to elastic optical networks (EONs) in which, thanks to the use of OFDM or Nyquist WDM,
it is possible to create super-channels with custom-size bandwidth. The basic element in
these networks is the lightpath, i.e., all-optical circuits between two network nodes. The
establishment of lightpaths requires the selection of the route that they will follow and the
portion of the spectrum to be used in order to carry the requested traffic from the source to
the destination node. That problem is known as the routing and spectrum assignment (RSA)
problem, and new algorithms must be proposed to address this design problem.
Some early studies on elastic optical networks studied gridless scenarios, in which a slice
of spectrum of variable size is assigned to a request. However, the most common approach to
the spectrum allocation is to divide the spectrum into slots of fixed width and allocate multiple,
consecutive spectrum slots to each lightpath, depending on the requested bandwidth. Moreover,
EONs also allow the proposal of more flexible routing and spectrum assignment techniques,
like the split-spectrum approach in which the request is divided into multiple "sub-lightpaths".
In this thesis, four RSA algorithms are proposed combining two different levels of
flexibility with the well-known k-shortest paths and first fit heuristics. After comparing the
performance of those methods, a novel spectrum assignment technique, Best Gap, is proposed
to overcome the inefficiencies emerged when combining the first fit heuristic with highly
flexible networks. A simulation study is presented to demonstrate that, thanks to the use of
Best Gap, EONs can exploit the network flexibility and reduce the blocking ratio.
On the other hand, operators must face profound architectural changes to increase the
adaptability and flexibility of networks and ease their management. Thanks to the use of
network function virtualisation (NFV), the necessary network functions that must be applied
to offer a service can be deployed as virtual appliances hosted by commodity servers, which
can be located in data centres, network nodes or even end-user premises. The appearance of
new computation and networking paradigms, like multi-access edge computing (MEC), may
facilitate the adaptation of communication networks to the new demands. Furthermore, the
use of MEC technology will enable the possibility of installing those virtual network functions
(VNFs) not only at data centres (DCs) and central offices (COs), traditional hosts of VFNs, but
also at the edge nodes of the network. Since data processing is performed closer to the enduser,
the latency associated to each service connection request can be reduced. MEC nodes
will be usually connected between them and with the DCs and COs by optical networks.
In such a scenario, deploying a network service requires completing two phases: the
VNF-placement, i.e., deciding the number and location of VNFs, and the VNF-chaining,
i.e., connecting the VNFs that the traffic associated to a service must transverse in order to
establish the connection. In the chaining process, not only the existence of VNFs with available
processing capacity, but the availability of network resources must be taken into account to
avoid the rejection of the connection request. Taking into consideration that the backhaul of
this scenario will be usually based on WRONs or EONs, it is necessary to design the virtual
topology (i.e., the set of lightpaths established in the networks) in order to transport the tra c
from one node to another. The process of designing the virtual topology includes deciding the
number of connections or lightpaths, allocating them a route and spectral resources, and finally
grooming the traffic into the created lightpaths.
Lastly, a failure in the equipment of a node in an NFV environment can cause the
disruption of the SCs traversing the node. This can cause the loss of huge amounts of data
and affect thousands of end-users. In consequence, it is key to provide the network with faultmanagement
techniques able to guarantee the resilience of the established connections when a
node fails.
For the mentioned reasons, it is necessary to design orchestration algorithms which solve
the VNF-placement, chaining and network resource allocation problems in 5G networks
with optical backhaul. Moreover, some versions of those algorithms must also implements
protection techniques to guarantee the resilience system in case of failure.
This thesis makes contribution in that line. Firstly, a genetic algorithm is proposed to solve
the VNF-placement and VNF-chaining problems in a 5G network with optical backhaul based
on star topology: GASM (genetic algorithm for effective service mapping). Then, we propose
a modification of that algorithm in order to be applied to dynamic scenarios in which the
reconfiguration of the planning is allowed. Furthermore, we enhanced the modified algorithm
to include a learning step, with the objective of improving the performance of the algorithm.
In this thesis, we also propose an algorithm to solve not only the VNF-placement and
VNF-chaining problems but also the design of the virtual topology, considering that a WRON
is deployed as the backhaul network connecting MEC nodes and CO. Moreover, a version
including individual VNF protection against node failure has been also proposed and the
effect of using shared/dedicated and end-to-end SC/individual VNF protection schemes are
also analysed.
Finally, a new algorithm that solves the VNF-placement and chaining problems and
the virtual topology design implementing a new chaining technique is also proposed.
Its corresponding versions implementing individual VNF protection are also presented.
Furthermore, since the method works with any type of WDM mesh topologies, a technoeconomic
study is presented to compare the effect of using different network topologies in
both the network performance and cost.Departamento de Teoría de la Señal y Comunicaciones e Ingeniería TelemáticaDoctorado en Tecnologías de la Información y las Telecomunicacione
View on 5G Architecture: Version 2.0
The 5G Architecture Working Group as part of the 5GPPP Initiative is looking at capturing novel trends and key technological enablers for the realization of the 5G architecture. It also targets at presenting in a harmonized way the architectural concepts developed in various projects and initiatives (not limited to 5GPPP projects only) so as to provide a consolidated view on the technical directions for the architecture design in the 5G era. The first version of the white paper was released in July 2016, which captured novel trends and key technological enablers for the realization of the 5G architecture vision along with harmonized architectural concepts from 5GPPP Phase 1 projects and initiatives. Capitalizing on the architectural vision and framework set by the first version of the white paper, this Version 2.0 of the white paper presents the latest findings and analyses with a particular focus on the concept evaluations, and accordingly it presents the consolidated overall architecture design
Definition and specification of connectivity and QoE/QoS management mechanisms – final report
This document summarizes the WP5 work throughout the project, describing its functional architecture and the solutions that implement the WP5 concepts on network control and orchestration. For this purpose, we defined 3 innovative controllers that embody the network slicing and multi tenancy: SDM-C, SDM-X and SDM-O. The functionalities of each block are detailed with the interfaces connecting them and validated through exemplary network processes, highlighting thus 5G NORMA innovations. All the proposed modules are designed to implement the functionality needed to provide the challenging KPIs required by future 5G networks while keeping the largest possible compatibility with the state of the art