4,140 research outputs found
Principles of Neuromorphic Photonics
In an age overrun with information, the ability to process reams of data has
become crucial. The demand for data will continue to grow as smart gadgets
multiply and become increasingly integrated into our daily lives.
Next-generation industries in artificial intelligence services and
high-performance computing are so far supported by microelectronic platforms.
These data-intensive enterprises rely on continual improvements in hardware.
Their prospects are running up against a stark reality: conventional
one-size-fits-all solutions offered by digital electronics can no longer
satisfy this need, as Moore's law (exponential hardware scaling),
interconnection density, and the von Neumann architecture reach their limits.
With its superior speed and reconfigurability, analog photonics can provide
some relief to these problems; however, complex applications of analog
photonics have remained largely unexplored due to the absence of a robust
photonic integration industry. Recently, the landscape for
commercially-manufacturable photonic chips has been changing rapidly and now
promises to achieve economies of scale previously enjoyed solely by
microelectronics.
The scientific community has set out to build bridges between the domains of
photonic device physics and neural networks, giving rise to the field of
\emph{neuromorphic photonics}. This article reviews the recent progress in
integrated neuromorphic photonics. We provide an overview of neuromorphic
computing, discuss the associated technology (microelectronic and photonic)
platforms and compare their metric performance. We discuss photonic neural
network approaches and challenges for integrated neuromorphic photonic
processors while providing an in-depth description of photonic neurons and a
candidate interconnection architecture. We conclude with a future outlook of
neuro-inspired photonic processing.Comment: 28 pages, 19 figure
A Survey on Continuous Time Computations
We provide an overview of theories of continuous time computation. These
theories allow us to understand both the hardness of questions related to
continuous time dynamical systems and the computational power of continuous
time analog models. We survey the existing models, summarizing results, and
point to relevant references in the literature
Variational Methods for Biomolecular Modeling
Structure, function and dynamics of many biomolecular systems can be
characterized by the energetic variational principle and the corresponding
systems of partial differential equations (PDEs). This principle allows us to
focus on the identification of essential energetic components, the optimal
parametrization of energies, and the efficient computational implementation of
energy variation or minimization. Given the fact that complex biomolecular
systems are structurally non-uniform and their interactions occur through
contact interfaces, their free energies are associated with various interfaces
as well, such as solute-solvent interface, molecular binding interface, lipid
domain interface, and membrane surfaces. This fact motivates the inclusion of
interface geometry, particular its curvatures, to the parametrization of free
energies. Applications of such interface geometry based energetic variational
principles are illustrated through three concrete topics: the multiscale
modeling of biomolecular electrostatics and solvation that includes the
curvature energy of the molecular surface, the formation of microdomains on
lipid membrane due to the geometric and molecular mechanics at the lipid
interface, and the mean curvature driven protein localization on membrane
surfaces. By further implicitly representing the interface using a phase field
function over the entire domain, one can simulate the dynamics of the interface
and the corresponding energy variation by evolving the phase field function,
achieving significant reduction of the number of degrees of freedom and
computational complexity. Strategies for improving the efficiency of
computational implementations and for extending applications to coarse-graining
or multiscale molecular simulations are outlined.Comment: 36 page
Modeling the Interactions of Anticancer Compounds with DNA and Lipid Membranes
Tesis Doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química. Fecha de Lectura: 15-07-202
Parallel computing for brain simulation
[Abstract] Background: The human brain is the most complex system in the known universe, it is therefore one of the greatest mysteries. It provides human beings with extraordinary abilities. However, until now it has not been understood yet how and why most of these abilities are produced.
Aims: For decades, researchers have been trying to make computers reproduce these abilities, focusing on both understanding the nervous system and, on processing data in a more efficient way than before. Their aim is to make computers process information similarly to the brain. Important technological developments and vast multidisciplinary projects have allowed creating the first simulation with a number of neurons similar to that of a human brain.
Conclusion: This paper presents an up-to-date review about the main research projects that are trying to simulate and/or emulate the human brain. They employ different types of computational models using parallel computing: digital models, analog models and hybrid models. This review includes the current applications of these works, as well as future trends. It is focused on various works that look for advanced progress in Neuroscience and still others which seek new discoveries in Computer Science (neuromorphic hardware, machine learning techniques). Their most outstanding characteristics are summarized and the latest advances and future plans are presented. In addition, this review points out the importance of considering not only neurons: Computational models of the brain should also include glial cells, given the proven importance of astrocytes in information processing.Galicia. Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria; GRC2014/049Galicia. Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria; R2014/039Instituto de Salud Carlos III; PI13/0028
Structural anisotropy and orientation-induced Casimir repulsion in fluids
In this work we theoretically consider the Casimir force between two periodic
arrays of nanowires (both in vacuum, and on a substrate separated by a fluid)
at separations comparable to the period. Specifically, we compute the
dependence of the exact Casimir force between the arrays under both lateral
translations and rotations. Although typically the force between such
structures is well-characterized by the Proximity Force Approximation (PFA), we
find that in the present case the microstructure modulates the force in a way
qualitatively inconsistent with PFA. We find instead that effective-medium
theory, in which the slabs are treated as homogeneous, anisotropic dielectrics,
gives a surprisingly accurate picture of the force, down to separations of half
the period. This includes a situation for identical, fluid-separated slabs in
which the exact force changes sign with the orientation of the wire arrays,
whereas PFA predicts attraction. We discuss the possibility of detecting these
effects in experiments, concluding that this effect is strong enough to make
detection possible in the near future.Comment: 12 pages, 9, figure. Published version with expanded discussio
Structural anisotropy and orientation-induced Casimir repulsion in fluids
In this work we theoretically consider the Casimir force between two periodic
arrays of nanowires (both in vacuum, and on a substrate separated by a fluid)
at separations comparable to the period. Specifically, we compute the
dependence of the exact Casimir force between the arrays under both lateral
translations and rotations. Although typically the force between such
structures is well-characterized by the Proximity Force Approximation (PFA), we
find that in the present case the microstructure modulates the force in a way
qualitatively inconsistent with PFA. We find instead that effective-medium
theory, in which the slabs are treated as homogeneous, anisotropic dielectrics,
gives a surprisingly accurate picture of the force, down to separations of half
the period. This includes a situation for identical, fluid-separated slabs in
which the exact force changes sign with the orientation of the wire arrays,
whereas PFA predicts attraction. We discuss the possibility of detecting these
effects in experiments, concluding that this effect is strong enough to make
detection possible in the near future.Comment: 12 pages, 9, figure. Published version with expanded discussio
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