The epithelium of the dorsal marginal zone of Xenopus has organizer properties

We have investigated the properties of the epithelial layer of the dorsal marginal zone (DMZ) of the Xenopus laevis early gastrula and found that it has inductive properties similar to those of the entire Spemann organizer. When grafts of the epithelial layer of the DMZ of early gastrulae labelled with fluorescein dextran were transplanted to the ventral sides of unlabelled host embryos, they induced secondary axes composed of notochord, somites and posterior neural tube. The organizer epithelium rescued embryos ventralized by UV irradiation, inducing notochord, somites and posterior neural tube in these embryos, while over 90% of ventralized controls showed no such structures. Combinations of organizer epithelium and ventral marginal zone (VMZ) in explants of the early gastrula resulted in convergence, extension and differentiation of dorsal mesodermal tissues, whereas similar recombinants of nonorganizer epithelium and the VMZ did none of these things. In all cases, the axial structures forming in response to epithelial grafts were composed of labelled graft and unlabelled host cells, indicating an induction by the organizer epithelium of dorsal, axial morphogenesis and tissue differentiation among mesodermal cells that otherwise showed non-axial development. Serial sectioning and scanning electron microscopy of control grafts shows that the epithelial organizer effect occurs in the absence of contaminating deep cells adhering to the epithelial grafts. However, labelled organizer epithelium grafted to the superficial cell layer contributed cells to deep mesodermal tissues, and organizer epithelium developed into mesodermal tissues when deliberately grafted into the deep region. This shows that these prospective endodermal epithelial cells are able to contribute to mesodermal, mesenchymal tissues when they move or are moved into the deep environment. These results suggest that in normal development, the endodermal epithelium may influence some aspects of the cell motility underlying the mediolateral intercalation (see Shih, J. and Keller, R. (1992) Development 116, 901–914), as well as the tissue differentiation of mesodermal cells. These results have implications for the analysis of mesoderm induction and for analysis of variations in the differentiation and morphogenetic function of the marginal zone in different species of amphibians

The Effect of Members' Satisfaction with a Virtual Community on Member Participation

The authors develop a four-dimensional scale to measure members'satisfaction with virtual communities. The dimensions consist ofmembers' satisfaction with member-member interactions,organizer-member interactions, organizer-community interactions, andthe community's site. Using a sample of 3605 members of a virtualcommunity the authors investigate the effect of each satisfactiondimension on member participation and the moderating effect ofmembership length on the links between the satisfaction dimensions andmember particip ation. The results reveal that satisfaction withmember-member interactions, organizer-member interactions and thecommunity's site have positive effects on member participation.Satisfaction with organizer-community interactions has no effect onmember participation. The findings also show that the linkages betweenthe satisfaction dimensions and member participation are moderated bymembership length.satisfaction;internet;virtual community;consumers;relationship age

Public Participation in Resolving Environmental Disputes and the Problem of Representativeness

Dr. Allen, the symposium organizer, reviews recent .efforts to increase public involvement in environmental disputes

MANFAAT HASIL BELAJAR EVENT ORGANIZER SEBAGAI KESIAPAN BISNIS WEDDING ORGANIZER

Banyaknya permintaan akan penyelenggaraan acara pernikahan menjadi peluang bagi para pelaku usaha untuk dijadikan bisnis dalam bidang jasa yaitu bisnis wedding organizer. Seorang penyelenggara bisnis wedding organizer membutuhkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan untuk dapat membantu mewujudkan pesta pernikahan sesuai dengan keinginan klien. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh data tentang kesiapan mahasiswa untuk mengelola bisnis wedding organizer ditinjau dari kemampuan pemahaman konsep, hakikat, dan prinsip dasar event organizer, kemampuan membuat perencanaan wedding organizer, pemahaman dan kemampuan pelaksanaan event organizer sebagai kesiapan bisnis wedding organizer, serta kemampuan keterampilan mengevaluasi wedding organizer setelah mengikuti mata kuliah event organizer. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu metode deskriptif dengan alat pengumpul data berupa angket yang ditujukan pada mahasiswa Program Studi Pendidikan Tata Busana angkatan 2010 sebanyak 43 orang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar mahasiswa merasakan manfaat dari hasil belajar event organizer sebagai kesiapan penyelenggaraan bisnis wedding organizer

Using the Co-design Process to Build Non-designer Ability in Making Visual Thinking Tools

This research is a case study of using co-design as a way of assisting the capacity building process for an Indianapolis-based community organizer. The community organizer seeks to develop a visual thinking tool for enhancing her engagement with community participants. Community organizers face a wide array of complicated challenges, addressing these kinds of challenges and social issues calls for innovative and inclusive approaches to community problem solving. The author hopes this case study will showcase itself as an example of leveraging design thinking and visual thinking to support and equip more first-line workers who are non-designers to do their community jobs with a more creative problem-solving approach

Maternal inheritance of twist and analysis of MAPK activation in embryos of the polychaete Annelid Platynereis dumerilii

In this study, we aimed to identify molecular mechanisms involved in the specification of the 4d (mesentoblast) lineage in Platynereis dumerilii. We employ RT-PCR and in situ hybridization against the Platynereis dumerilii twist homolog (Pdu-twist) to reveal mesodermal specification within this lineage. We show that Pdu-twist mRNA is already maternally distributed. After fertilization, ooplasmatic segregation leads to relocation of Pdu-twist transcripts into the somatoblast (2d) lineage and 4d, indicating that the maternal component of Pdu-twist might be an important prerequisite for further mesoderm specification but does not represent a defining characteristic of the mesentoblast. However, after the primordial germ cells have separated from the 4d lineage, zygotic transcription of Pdu-twist is exclusively observed in the myogenic progenitors, suggesting that mesodermal specification occurs after the 4d stage. Previous studies on spiral cleaving embryos revealed a spatio-temporal correlation between the 4d lineage and the activity of an embryonic organizer that is capable to induce the developmental fates of certain micromeres. This has raised the question if specification of the 4d lineage could be connected to the organizer activity. Therefore, we aimed to reveal the existence of such a proposed conserved organizer in Platynereis employing antibody staining against dpERK. In contrast to former observations in other spiralian embryos, activation of MAPK signaling during 2d and 4d formation cannot be detected which questions the existence of a conserved connection between organizer function and specification of the 4d lineage. However, our experiments unveil robust MAPK activation in the prospective nephroblasts as well as in the macromeres and some micromeres at the blastopore in gastrulating embryos. Inhibition of MAPK activation leads to larvae with a shortened body axis, defects in trunk muscle spreading and improper nervous system condensation, indicating a critical function for MAPK signaling for the reorganization of embryonic tissues during the gastrulation process

Development of a music organizer for children

Software development for children is challenging; children have their own needs, which often are not met by ‘grown up’ software. We focus on software for playing songs and managing a music collection—tasks that children take great interest in, but for which they have few or inappropriate tools. We address this situation with the design of a new music management system, created with children as design partners: the Kids Music Box

ANALISIS PELUANG USAHA EVENT ORGANIZER

Pandemi COVID-19 telah mempengaruhi banyak bisnis atau industri, termasuk industri event organizer. Namun, seiring dengan adanya vaksinasi dan protokol kesehatan yang ketat, peluang usaha event organizer bisa tetap ada dengan memanfaatkan platform digital dan mengadakan acara dengan kapasitas terbatas atau bahkan acara virtual. Pandemi COVID-19 memberikan tantangan baru bagi industri event organizer dan membuka peluang untuk berkembang dan beradaptasi dengan cara yang inovatif dan kreatif. Oleh karena itu, peran event organizer menjadi sangat penting dalam menghadapi pandemi COVID-19 agar acara dapat berlangsung dengan aman dan efektif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peluang usaha pada event organizer saat ini dan mengetahui lebih dalam peran-peran event organizer. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah kuesioner, wawancara, dan studi pustaka. Peneliti menganalisis data secara deskriptif, dengan memaparkan peran-peran event organizer. Hasil penelitian yang dilakukan yaitu, terdapat peluang usaha event organizer saat ini yang dapat dilakukan mahasiswa dan terdapat beberapa peran event organizer yang belum diketahui mahasiswa