Police Knowledge Exchange: Full Report 2018

[Executive Summary] This report was commissioned to explore the enablers and barriers to sharing within and between police forces and between police forces and partners, including the public. This was completed from an interdisciplinary review of international literature covering sharing, knowledge exchange, learning and organisational learning. The literature broke down into four main factors; who, why, what and how. An introduction to the literature is presented with ‘Who’ is sharing which considers both personal identity and different institutional issues. The ‘Why’ literature covers issues of cultural and community motivators and barriers. The ‘What’ segment reviews concepts of data, information and knowledge and related legislative issues. Finally, the ‘how’ section spans face to face sharing approaches to technologies that produce both enablers and barriers. A series of 42 in-depth interviews and focus groups were completed and combined with 47 survey responses . The aim of the interviews, focus groups and survey was to show perceptions and beliefs around knowledge sharing from a small sample across policing in order to complement the findings from the literature review. The survey was adapted from a standardised questionnaire (Biggs, 1987). The Biggs questionnaire focused on what motivated students to learn and how they approached their learning. Our adapted survey looked at what motivated police to share, and how they approached sharing. The responses showed a trend, across the police, towards a motivation for sharing to develop a deeper understanding of issues. However, the approaches and the strategies they used to share with others, which were primarily driven by achieving and surface approaches (to get promoted and get the job done). According to Biggs (1987) this could leave them discontented as they never progress to a deeper understanding of issues. Scaffolding sharing within the police through processes that are clearly defined, effective and valued could help to overcome these issues. Within the interviews and focus group findings a similar structured approach to sharing was adopted. Within the ‘who’ section some key aspects around personal relationships, reciprocity and reputation were identified. The ‘why’ the police share was one of the largest discussion points. Not only was there a deep motivation to solve key policing issues there was an approach of reciprocity. Police sharing was deeply motivated to support ‘good practice’ in the prevention and detection of crime. However, a sharing barrier was identified in the parity of value given to different types of knowledge for example between professional judgement and research evidence knowledge. Sharing was achieved when there were reciprocal benefits, in particular with personal networks or face to face sharing which was noted as ‘safe’. Again, this was inhibited by misunderstandings around the ‘risks’ of sharing, frequently attributed to data protection legislation; producing cautious reactions and as an avoidance tactic to save time and effort sharing. However, a divide was noted between technical users and those who avoided any online systems for sharing; often due to poorly designed systems and a lack of confidence in how to use systems. The police culture was identified as being risk-adverse, and competitive due to multiple factors, a lack of supported time to share, Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary (HMIC) reviews and promotion criteria. The result was perceived to be a poor cultural ability to learn from mistakes and a likelihood to repeat errors. A set of strategic recommendations are given and include the use of a sharing authorised professional practice for HMIC reviews, sharing networks and training. A further set of operational recommendations are given such as; sharing impact cases for evidence based practice, data sharing officers and evaluating mechanisms for sharing. This full report is supported by the Police Knowledge Exchange Summary Report 2018 which gives an overview of the findings and recommendations

The mechanics of trust: a framework for research and design

With an increasing number of technologies supporting transactions over distance and replacing traditional forms of interaction, designing for trust in mediated interactions has become a key concern for researchers in human computer interaction (HCI). While much of this research focuses on increasing users’ trust, we present a framework that shifts the perspective towards factors that support trustworthy behavior. In a second step, we analyze how the presence of these factors can be signalled. We argue that it is essential to take a systemic perspective for enabling well-placed trust and trustworthy behavior in the long term. For our analysis we draw on relevant research from sociology, economics, and psychology, as well as HCI. We identify contextual properties (motivation based on temporal, social, and institutional embeddedness) and the actor's intrinsic properties (ability, and motivation based on internalized norms and benevolence) that form the basis of trustworthy behavior. Our analysis provides a frame of reference for the design of studies on trust in technology-mediated interactions, as well as a guide for identifying trust requirements in design processes. We demonstrate the application of the framework in three scenarios: call centre interactions, B2C e-commerce, and voice-enabled on-line gaming

Information Cost, Learning, and Trust Lessons from Co-operation and Higher-order Capabilities Amongst Geographically Proximate Firms

In this short paper, I put forward an argument about trust based upon an information cost perspective. I argue that, in different contexts, different origins of trust come to dominate. This is so, because different possible origins of trust have a different information cost, and different contexts have different information availability. Agents learn about this, and place their trust accordingly. I provide an empirical example, and list some traits of information availability between geographically proximate firms. The information cost argument explains why a particular way of trusting is prevalent in some proximate ‘communities’ of agents.Trust; governance; information cost; organisational learning; industrial districts

Rethinking Ethical Leadership in Kenya: Adopting A New Paradigm

Developing countries appear to many on the outside to be besieged by pervasive and endemic corruption. Although present in most governing systems globally, least developed countries especially struggle with a “business as usual, quid-pro-quo” institutionalized system of corrupt governing. Writer David Minja bravely takes on corruption at its most insidious level, drawing upon the prowess of both classic and contemporary scholars by introducing a path for those in positions of power and influence to more effectively connect theory to practice and effect fundamental change

The challenges and complexities of implementing and evaluating the benefits of an IT system: the UK Police National Database

This paper discusses the various challenges and complexities involved in evaluating the benefits of an information system – the Police National Database. The paper begins by outlining background events in UK policing which lead to the Bichard Inquiry in 2004. The PND is a direct recommendation from the Inquiry, and represents one of the most important developments in recent policing history. The organisational context of implementing the PND is examined to discuss the various business change issues that are apparent, as well as the cultural changes in policing practices. The national methodology for benefits realisation is discussed, and this alluded to the complex context of evaluating evolutionary information systems such as the PND, and the challenges involved in measuring the system’s productivity and performance. Previous research carried out in relation to evaluating information systems, has enabled the development of distinct methodologies, and have assisted in identifying appropriate evaluation metrics for the PND. The paper concludes by summarising the complexities of performance and evaluation in information technology, and how future research planning will determine the development of an appropriate and robust evaluation framework for the PND

The Proprietary Foundations of Corporate Law

Recent work in both the theory of the firm and of corporate law has called into question the appropriateness of analysing corporate law as ‘merely’ a set of standard form contracts. This article develops these ideas by focusing on property law’s role in underpinning corporate enterprise. Rights to control assets are a significant mechanism of governance in the firm. Practical circumstances dictate that such rights must be shared. Property law protects the rights of co-owners against each other’s opportunistic attempts to grant entitlements to t hird parties. At the same time, it uses a range of strategies to minimise the costs such protection imposes on third parties. The choice of strategy significantly affects co-owners’ freedom to customise their control-sharing arrangements. This theory is applied to give an account of the ‘proprietary foundations’ of corporate law, which has significant implications for the way in which the subject’s functions are understood and evaluated.theory of corporate law, shared ownership, property rights

Modelling the implementation and acceptance of the Police National Database in UK police forces

The Police National Database (PND) was launched in June 2011 as a direct recommendation from the Bichard Inquiry. Its main purpose is to provide a national platform to share police information and for the first time, the PND will provide a single view of data held in police intelligence, custody, crime, child and domestic abuse systems across the UK. The PND will not replace local police systems, but it will allow all forces to see and share information - that until now has only been available within individual force boundaries

Do firms with a more international board comply better with IFRS disclosure requirements?

JEL Classification: M41 – Accounting; M48 - Government Policy and RegulationThis study analyses the effect of the internationalisation of the board members on the level of compliance with the disclosure requirements of IFRS 3 in Brazil. Based on a framework that combines Upper Echelons Theory and Resource Dependence Theory, we hypothesise that a higher proportion of foreign board members and/or a higher proportion of board members with training abroad is associated with a higher level of compliance with IFRS 3 disclosure requirements. The results of this study confirm our hypothesis, i.e., Brazilian firms with more foreign board members or/and with more board members with training abroad comply better with IFRS 3 requirements. These findings shed light on the discussion of the effect of board members' characteristics on mandatory disclosure; they are also important to policy makers who are interested in achieving optimal board composition.Este estudo analisa o efeito da internacionalização da administração no nível de cumprimento da divulgação obrigatória exigida pela IFRS 3 no Brasil. A base teórica deste estudo combina duas teorias - Upper Echelons Theory and Resource Dependence Theory. Com base nestas teorias criou-se as seguintes hipóteses: uma maior proporção de membros estrangeiros na administração das empresas e/ou uma maior proporção de membros da administração com formação no estrangeiro está associada ao um aumento do nível de cumprimento da divulgação obrigatória da IFRS 3. Os resultados deste estudo confirmaram as hipóteses, ou seja, empresas brasileiras com mais administradores estrangeiros ou com mais administradores com formação no estrangeiro cumprem mais com a divulgação obrigatória exigida pela IFRS 3. Estes resultados levantam a discussão de que as características individuais dos membros da administração podem afetar a o cumprimento da divulgação obrigatória. Estes resultados são também importantes para os reguladores que estejam interessados em encontrar a composição da administração ideal

THE ROLE OF TRUST IN THE PERFORMANCE OF SUPPLY CHAINS: A DYAD ANALYSIS OF SMALLHOLDER FARMERS AND PROCESSING FIRMS IN THE SUGAR INDUSTRY IN SWAZILAND

The purpose of this paper was to investigate the role of trust in the performance of the sugar industry supply chain in Swaziland. The study utilized perceptions of 124 smallholder cane growers in the sugar industry in Swaziland. Items presented in a likert type scale were used to measure cane growers' trust in the millers. Descriptive statistics involving cross tabs was used to determine the impact of trust on the performance of the cane growers, which in turn has an influence in the performance of the whole sugar chain. The results indicate that farmers who have trust in the millers perform better than those without trust, and hence they contribute to the performance of the whole chain, in terms of more and good quality sugarcane supplied to the mill and that implies more sugar to be produced and increased income to the industry as a whole. The results imply that a relationship founded on trust, mutual respect is more likely to succeed than a relationship of convenience supported by legal contingencies. Therefore, there is a need for honesty, fairness and absence of opportunistic behaviour between millers and cane growers, for the industry to improve its performanceInstitutional and Behavioral Economics,