The impact of higher order sectorisation on the performance of millimetre wave 5G network

The fifth Generation (5G) mobile network will provide services with extreme data rate and latency demands compared to current cellular network, and provide massive capacity and connectivity to multitude of devices with diverse requirements and applications. Therefore, it is important to utilise all network resources to provide the 5G vision. In this paper, performance evaluations and impact of higher order horizontal sectorisation on next generation 5G mobile access is presented. The study has been focused on busy urban areas in high carrier frequency. Millimetre wave band has precious wide unexploited bandwidth that can be harnessed for mobile communication. The results for these scenarios show that higher-order horizontal sectorisation in millimetre wave based smallcell deployment can significantly increase the network capacity to meet the future requirement of 5G network, and provide high data rate and connectivity to huge number of devices. Moreover, beamforming can highly increase the data rate by efficiently increase signal power and suppress interference from unwanted directions

RF Coverage Planning And Analysis With Adaptive Cell Sectorization In Millimeter Wave 5G Networks

The advancement of Fifth Generation Network (5G) technology is well underway, with Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) globally commencing the deployment of 5G networks within the mid-frequency spectrum range (3GHz–6GHz). Nevertheless, the escalating demands for data traffic are compelling MNOs to explore the high-frequency spectrum (24GHz–100GHz), which offers significantly larger bandwidth (400MHz-800 MHz) compared to the mid-frequency spectrum (3GHz–6GHz), which typically provides 50MHz-100MHz of bandwidth. However, it is crucial to note that the higher-frequency spectrum imposes substantial challenges due to exceptionally high free space propagation loss, resulting in 5G cell site coverage being limited to several hundred meters, in contrast to the several kilometers achievable with 4G. Consequently, MNOs are faced with the formidable task of accurately planning and deploying hundreds of new 5G cells to cover the same areas served by a single 4G cell.This dissertation embarks on a comprehensive exploration of Radio Frequency (RF) coverage planning for 5G networks, initially utilizing a conventional three-sector cell architecture. The coverage planning phase reveals potential challenges, including coverage gaps and poor Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio (SINR). In response to these issues, the dissertation introduces an innovative cell site architecture that embraces both nine and twelve sector cells, enhancing RF coverage through the adoption of an advanced antenna system designed with subarrays, offering adaptive beamforming and beam steering capabilities. To further enhance energy efficiency, the dissertation introduces adaptive higher-order cell-sectorization (e.g., nine sector cells and twelve sector cells). In this proposed method, all sectors within a twelve-sector cell remain active during peak hours (e.g., daytime) and are reduced to fewer sectors (e.g., nine sectors or six sectors per cell) during off-peak hours (e.g., nighttime). This dynamic adjustment is facilitated by an advanced antenna system utilizing sub-array architecture, which employs adaptive beamforming and beam steering to tailor the beamwidth and radiation angle of each active sector. Simulation results unequivocally demonstrate significant enhancements in RF coverage and SINR with the implementation of higher-order cell-sectorization. Furthermore, the proposed adaptive cell-sectorization method significantly reduces energy consumption during off-peak hours. In addition to addressing RF coverage planning, this dissertation delves into the numerous challenges associated with deploying 5G networks in the higher frequency spectrum (30GHz-300GHz). It encompasses issues such as precise cell site planning, location acquisition, propagation modeling, energy efficiency, backhauling, and more. Furthermore, the dissertation offers valuable insights into future research directions aimed at effectively surmounting these challenges and optimizing the deployment of 5G networks in the high-frequency spectrum

Taguchi Based Self-Configure Data Rate Optimization AODVUU Routing Parameters In MANET Over Optical Network Performances

Research and development advancements in the area of wireless technologies give rises of mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) domain but is constrained to the single networks and stand alone. Furthermore, the communication networking applications requirements mostly still depends on fixed infrastructure networks that lead to MANET need to communicate with internet. Consequently, the traditional mobile routing protocols proposed for MANET are inefficient but play an equivalent important role in the performances of mobile wireless network over optical backhaul with focusing of MANET of the wireless domain in access network. Routing protocols procedures are controlled with a set of parameters from being dragged to undesired situations such as un-optimized Quality of Service (QoS) resource consumption. These parameters have a direct impact on the efficiency of a routing protocol and the overall MANET network performances. This paper proposed an offline optimization through simulation design of experiment of the AODV-UU parameters of MANET is evaluated by performing Taguchi signal to noise ratio (SNR) method for fine-tuning the AODV-UU routing parameters using the OMNeT++ software. The work is further extended with self-configure multiple data rates (SCMDR) scheme-a cross-layer-specific technique. AODV-UU with Taguchi tuned under the proposed SCMDR scheme is compared with AODV-UU configuration of oRiG scheme also as respects to previous work is examined based on capacity consumption, end-to-end delay metric and energy consumption metric under the varying speed scenario. The obtained results showed that, AODV-UU with Taguchi configuration outperformed the AODV-UU for the mention performance metrics here. The existing of current access network of the telco operators can benefit from the proposed improvement here

Optimized network dimensioning and planning for WiMAX technology

In order to meet demands in mobile broadband and to bridge the digital divide a new technology, namely WiMAX, was introduced in 2004. However, in order to increase the financial return on the investment inWiMAX, service operators need to make every effort in designing and deploying the most cost-effective networks. This thesis presents a novel dimensioning technique for WiMAX technology which takes the dimensioning problem to a new level and produces more accurate results in comparison to the traditional methods. Furthermore, a novel decomposed optimization framework for the WiMAX network planning is introduced which subdivides the overall problem into three distinct stages consisting of the network dimensioning stage which besides the primary task of evaluating the financial requirements produces a good starting network solution for the subsequent stages (Stage 1), initial sectorization and configuration of the network (Stage 2) and final network configuration (Stage 3). The proposed framework also solves two fundamental problems, which are cell planning and frequency planning, simultaneously. The feasibility of the final network solutions are then evaluated by OPNET simulator.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Optimized network dimensioning and planning for WiMAX technology

In order to meet demands in mobile broadband and to bridge the digital divide a new technology, namely WiMAX, was introduced in 2004. However, in order to increase the financial return on the investment inWiMAX, service operators need to make every effort in designing and deploying the most cost-effective networks. This thesis presents a novel dimensioning technique for WiMAX technology which takes the dimensioning problem to a new level and produces more accurate results in comparison to the traditional methods. Furthermore, a novel decomposed optimization framework for the WiMAX network planning is introduced which subdivides the overall problem into three distinct stages consisting of the network dimensioning stage which besides the primary task of evaluating the financial requirements produces a good starting network solution for the subsequent stages (Stage 1), initial sectorization and configuration of the network (Stage 2) and final network configuration (Stage 3). The proposed framework also solves two fundamental problems, which are cell planning and frequency planning, simultaneously. The feasibility of the final network solutions are then evaluated by OPNET simulator

Operational Research IO2017, Valença, Portugal, June 28-30

This proceedings book presents selected contributions from the XVIII Congress of APDIO (the Portuguese Association of Operational Research) held in Valença on June 28–30, 2017. Prepared by leading Portuguese and international researchers in the field of operations research, it covers a wide range of complex real-world applications of operations research methods using recent theoretical techniques, in order to narrow the gap between academic research and practical applications. Of particular interest are the applications of, nonlinear and mixed-integer programming, data envelopment analysis, clustering techniques, hybrid heuristics, supply chain management, and lot sizing and job scheduling problems. In most chapters, the problems, methods and methodologies described are complemented by supporting figures, tables and algorithms. The XVIII Congress of APDIO marked the 18th installment of the regular biannual meetings of APDIO – the Portuguese Association of Operational Research. The meetings bring together researchers, scholars and practitioners, as well as MSc and PhD students, working in the field of operations research to present and discuss their latest works. The main theme of the latest meeting was Operational Research Pro Bono. Given the breadth of topics covered, the book offers a valuable resource for all researchers, students and practitioners interested in the latest trends in this field.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Energy efficiency comparison between 2.1 GHz and 28 GHz based communication networks

Mobile communications have revolutionized the way we communicate around the globe, making communication easier, faster and cheaper. In the first three generations of mobile networks, the primary focus was on voice calls, and as such, the traffic on the networks was not as heavy as it currently is. Towards the fourth generation however, there was an explosive increase in mobile data traffic, driven in part by the heavy use of smart phones, tablets and cloud services, that is in turn increasing heavy energy consumption by the mobile networks to meet increased demand. Addition of power conditioning equipment adds on to the overall energy consumption of the base stations, necessitating deployment of energy efficient solutions to deal with the impacts and costs of heavy energy consumption. This thesis investigates the energy efficiency performance of mobile networks in various scenarios in a dense urban environment. Consideration is given to the future deployment of 5G networks, and simulations are carried out at 2.1 GHz and 28 GHz frequencies with a channel bandwidth of 20 MHz in the 2.1 GHz simulation and 20 MHz in 28 GHz scenario. The channel bandwidth of the 28 GHz system is then increased ten-fold and another system performance evaluation is then done. Parameters used for evaluating the system performance include the received signal strength, signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio, spectral efficiency and power efficiency are also considered. The results suggest that deployment of networks using mmWave frequencies with the same parameters as the 2.1 GHz does not improve the overall performance of the system but improves the throughput when a bandwidth of 200 MHz band is allocated. The use of antenna masking with down tilting improves the gains of the system in all three systems. The conclusion drawn is that if all factors are the same, mmWave systems can be installed in the same site locations as 2.1 GHz systems. However, to achieve better performance, some significant modifications would need to be considered, like the use of antenna arrays and beam steering techniques. This simulation has considered outdoor users only, with indoor users eliminated. The parameters in a real network deployment might differ and the results could change, which in turn could change the performance of the system

Efficient physics signal selectors for the first trigger level of the Belle II experiment based on machine learning

A neural network based z-vertex trigger is developed for the first level trigger of the upgraded flavor physics experiment Belle II at the high luminosity B factory SuperKEKB in Tsukuba, Japan. Using the hit and drift time information from the central drift chamber, a pool of expert neural networks estimates the 3D track parameters of the single tracks found by a 2D Hough finder. The neural networks are already implemented on parallel FPGA hardware for real time data processing and running pipelined in the online first level trigger of Belle II. Due to the anticipated high luminosity of up to 8 × 10³⁵ cm⁻²s⁻¹, Belle II will have to face severe levels of background tracks with vertices displaced along the beamline. The neural z-vertex algorithm presented in this thesis allows to reject displaced background tracks such that the requirements of the standard track trigger can be strongly relaxed. Especially for physics decay channels with a low track multiplicity in the final states, like τ pair production, or initial state radiation events with reduced center of mass energies, the trigger efficiencies can be significantly increased. As an upgrade of the present 2D Hough finder in the neural network preprocessing, a model independent 3D track finder is developed that uses the additional stereo hit information of the drift chamber. Thus, the trigger efficiencies improve for tracks in the phase space of low transverse momenta and shallow polar angles. Since the cross sections of the physics signal events typically increase towards shallow polar angles, this enlarged acceptance of the track trigger provides a substantial gain in the signal efficiencies. By using an adapted pool of expert networks, the enlarged phase space provided by the 3D finder can be efficiently covered. Studies on simulated MC background, on simulated initial state radiation events, and on recorded data from early Belle II runs demonstrate the high performance of the novel trigger algorithms. With the 3D finder an increase of the track finding rate of about 50 % is confirmed for signal tracks, while displaced background tracks are actively suppressed prior to the neural network. Based on z-vertex cuts on the tracks processed by the neural networks, a two track event efficiency of more than 99 % can be achieved with a purity of around 80 %