1,001 research outputs found
Analysis of Ant Colony Optimization and Population-Based Evolutionary Algorithms on Dynamic Problems
Ant colony optimization based simulation of 3d automatic hose/pipe routing
This thesis was submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and awarded by Brunel University.This thesis focuses on applying one of the rapidly growing non-deterministic optimization algorithms, the ant colony algorithm, for simulating automatic hose/pipe routing with several conflicting objectives. Within the thesis, methods have been developed and applied to single objective hose routing, multi-objective hose routing and multi-hose routing. The use of simulation and optimization in engineering design has been widely applied in all fields of engineering as the computational capabilities of computers has increased and improved. As a result of this, the application of non-deterministic optimization techniques such as genetic algorithms, simulated annealing algorithms, ant colony algorithms, etc. has increased dramatically resulting in vast improvements in the design process. Initially, two versions of ant colony algorithms have been developed based on, respectively, a random network and a grid network for a single objective (minimizing the length of the hoses) and avoiding obstacles in the CAD model. While applying ant colony algorithms for the simulation of hose routing, two modifications have been proposed for reducing the size of the search space and avoiding the stagnation problem. Hose routing problems often consist of several conflicting or trade-off objectives. In classical approaches, in many cases, multiple objectives are aggregated into one single objective function and optimization is then treated as a single-objective optimization problem. In this thesis two versions of ant colony algorithms are presented for multihose routing with two conflicting objectives: minimizing the total length of the hoses and maximizing the total shared length (bundle length). In this case the two objectives are aggregated into a single objective. The current state-of-the-art approach for handling multi-objective design problems is to employ the concept of Pareto optimality. Within this thesis a new Pareto-based general purpose ant colony algorithm (PSACO) is proposed and applied to a multi-objective hose routing problem that consists of the following objectives: total length of the hoses between the start and the end locations, number of bends, and angles of bends. The proposed method is capable of handling any number of objectives and uses a single pheromone matrix for all the objectives. The domination concept is used for updating the pheromone matrix. Among the currently available multi-objective ant colony optimization (MOACO) algorithms, P-ACO generates very good solutions in the central part of the Pareto front and hence the proposed algorithm is compared with P-ACO. A new term is added to the random proportional rule of both of the algorithms (PSACO and P-ACO) to attract ants towards edges that make angles close to the pre-specified angles of bends. A refinement algorithm is also suggested for searching an acceptable solution after the completion of searching the entire search space. For all of the simulations, the STL format (tessellated format) for the obstacles is used in the algorithm instead of the original shapes of the obstacles. This STL format is passed to the C++ library RAPID for collision detection. As a result of using this format, the algorithms can handle freeform obstacles and the algorithms are not restricted to a particular software package
Opportunistic data collection and routing in segmented wireless sensor networks
La surveillance reĢgulieĢre des opeĢrations dans les aires de manoeuvre (voies de circulation et pistes) et aires de stationnement d'un aeĢroport est une taĢche cruciale pour son fonctionnement. Les strateĢgies utiliseĢes aĢ cette fin visent Ć permettre la mesure des variables environnementales, l'identification des deĢbris (FOD) et l'enregistrement des statistiques d'utilisation de diverses sections de la surface. Selon un groupe de gestionnaires et controĢleurs d'aeĢroport interrogeĢs, cette surveillance est un privileĢge des grands aeĢroports en raison des couĢts eĢleveĢs d'acquisition, d'installation et de maintenance des technologies existantes. Les moyens et petits aeĢroports se limitent gĆ©nĆ©ralement aĢ la surveillance de quelques variables environnementales et des FOD effectueĢe visuellement par l'homme. Cette dernieĢre activiteĢ impose l'arreĢt du fonctionnement des pistes pendant l'inspection. Dans cette theĢse, nous proposons une solution alternative baseĢe sur les reĢseaux de capteurs sans fil (WSN) qui, contrairement aux autres meĢthodes, combinent les proprieĢteĢs de faible couĢt d'installation et maintenance, de dĆ©ploiement rapide, d'eĢvolutiviteĢ tout en permettant d'effectuer des mesures sans interfeĢrer avec le fonctionnement de l'aeĢroport. En raison de la superficie d'un aeĢroport et de la difficulteĢ de placer des capteurs sur des zones de transit, le WSN se composerait d'une collection de sous-reĢseaux isoleĢs les uns des autres et du puits. Pour gĆ©rer cette segmentation, notre proposition s'appuie sur l'utilisation opportuniste des vĆ©hicules circulants dans l'aĆ©roport considĆ©rĆ©s alors comme un type speĢcial de nÅud appeleĢ Mobile Ubiquitous LAN Extension (MULE) chargĆ© de collecter les donneĢes des sous-reĢseaux le long de son trajet et de les transfeĢrer vers le puits. L'une des exigences pour le deĢploiement d'un nouveau systeĢme dans un aeĢroport est qu'il cause peu ou pas d'interruption des opeĢrations reĢgulieĢres. C'est pourquoi l'utilisation d'une approche opportuniste basĆ© sur des MULE est privileĢgieĢe dans cette theĢse. Par opportuniste, nous nous reĢfeĢrons au fait que le roĢle de MULE est joueĢ par certains des veĢhicules deĢjaĢ existants dans un aeĢroport et effectuant leurs deĢplacements normaux. Et certains nÅuds des sous- reĢseaux exploiteront tout moment de contact avec eux pour leur transmettre les donneĢes Ć transfĆ©rer ensuite au puits. Une caracteĢristique des MULEs dans notre application est qu'elles ont des trajectoires structureĢes (suivant les voies de circulation dans l'aeĢroport), en ayant eĢventuellement un contact avec l'ensemble des nÅuds situeĢs le long de leur trajet (appeleĢs sous-puits). Ceci implique la neĢcessiteĢ de dĆ©finir une strateĢgie de routage dans chaque sous-reĢseau, capable d'acheminer les donneĢes collecteĢes des nÅuds vers les sous-puits et de reĢpartir les paquets de donneĢes entre eux afin que le temps en contact avec la MULE soit utiliseĢ le plus efficacement possible. Dans cette theĢse, nous proposons un protocole de routage remplissant ces fonctions. Le protocole proposeĢ est nommeĢ ACME (ACO-based routing protocol for MULE-assisted WSNs). Il est baseĢ sur la technique d'Optimisation par Colonies de Fourmis. ACME permet d'assigner des nÅuds aĢ des sous-puits puis de dĆ©finir les chemins entre eux, en tenant compte de la minimisation de la somme des longueurs de ces chemins, de l'Ć©quilibrage de la quantitĆ© de paquets stockĆ©s par les sous-puits et du nombre total de retransmissions. Le probleĢme est deĢfini comme une taĢche d'optimisation multi-objectif qui est reĢsolue de manieĢre distribueĢe sur la base des actions des nÅuds dans un scheĢma collaboratif. Nous avons dĆ©veloppĆ© un environnement de simulation et effectueĢ des campagnes de calculs dans OMNeT++ qui montrent les avantages de notre protocole en termes de performances et sa capaciteĢ aĢ s'adapter aĢ une grande varieĢteĢ de topologies de reĢseaux.The regular monitoring of operations in both movement areas (taxiways and runways) and non-movement areas (aprons and aircraft parking spots) of an airport, is a critical task for its functioning. The set of strategies used for this purpose include the measurement of environmental variables, the identification of foreign object debris (FOD), and the record of statistics of usage for diverse sections of the surface. According to a group of airport managers and controllers interviewed by us, the wide monitoring of most of these variables is a privilege of big airports due to the high acquisition, installation and maintenance costs of most common technologies. Due to this limitation, smaller airports often limit themselves to the monitoring of environmental variables at some few spatial points and the tracking of FOD performed by humans. This last activity requires stopping the functioning of the runways while the inspection is conducted. In this thesis, we propose an alternative solution based on Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) which, unlike the other methods/technologies, combines the desirable properties of low installation and maintenance cost, scalability and ability to perform measurements without interfering with the regular functioning of the airport. Due to the large extension of an airport and the difficulty of placing sensors over transit areas, the WSN might result segmented into a collection of subnetworks isolated from each other and from the sink. To overcome this problem, our proposal relies on a special type of node called Mobile Ubiquitous LAN Extension (MULE), able to move over the airport surface, gather data from the subnetworks along its way and eventually transfer it to the sink. One of the main demands for the deployment of any new system in an airport is that it must have little or no interference with the regular operations. This is why the use of an opportunistic approach for the transfer of data from the subnetworks to the MULE is favored in this thesis. By opportunistic we mean that the role of MULE will be played by some of the typical vehicles already existing in an airport doing their normal displacements, and the subnetworks will exploit any moment of contact with them to forward data to the sink. A particular characteristic of the MULEs in our application is that they move along predefined structured trajectories (given by the layout of the airport), having eventual contact with the set of nodes located by the side of the road (so-called subsinks). This implies the need for a data routing strategy to be used within each subnetwork, able to lead the collected data from the sensor nodes to the subsinks and distribute the data packets among them so that the time in contact with the MULE is used as efficiently as possible. In this thesis, we propose a routing protocol which undertakes this task. Our proposed protocol is named ACME, standing for ACO-based routing protocol for MULE-assisted WSNs. It is founded on the well known Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) technique. The main advantage of ACO is its natural fit to the decentralized nature of WSN, which allows it to perform distributed optimizations (based on local interactions) leading to remarkable overall network performance. ACME is able to assign sensor nodes to subsinks and generate the corresponding multi-hop paths while accounting for the minimization of the total path length, the total subsink imbalance and the total number of retransmissions. The problem is defined as a multi-objective optimization task which is resolved in a distributed manner based on actions of the sensor nodes acting in a collaborative scheme. We conduct a set of computational experiments in the discrete event simulator OMNeT++ which shows the advantages of our protocol in terms of performance and its ability to adapt to a variety of network topologie
Ant colony optimization for multi-UAV minimum time search in uncertain domains
This paper presents a new approach based on ant colony optimization (ACO) to determine the trajectories of a fleet of unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) looking for a lost target in the minimum possible time. ACO is especially suitable for the complexity and probabilistic nature of the minimum time search (MTS) problem, where a balance between the computational requirements and the quality of solutions is needed. The presented approach includes a new MTS heuristic that exploits the probability and spatial properties of the problem, allowing our ant based algorithm to quickly obtain high-quality high-level straight-segmented UAV trajectories. The potential of the algorithm is tested for different ACO parameterizations, over several search scenarios with different characteristics such as number of UAVs, or target dynamics and location distributions. The statistical comparison against other techniques previously used for MTS (ad hoc heuristics, cross entropy optimization, bayesian optimization algorithm and genetic algorithms) shows that the new approach outperforms the others.This work was supported by Airbus under the SAVIER AER-30459 project
Architecture and Methods for Innovative Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network Applications
Nowadays wireless sensor netwoks (WSN) technology, wireless communications and digital electronics have made it realistic to produce a large scale miniaturized devices integrating sensing, processing and communication capabilities. The focus of this paper is to present an innovative mobile platform for heterogeneous sensor networks, combined with adaptive methods to optimize the communication architecture for novel potential applications in multimedia and entertainment. In fact, in the near future, some of the applications foreseen for WSNs will employ multi-platform systems with a high number of different devices, which may be completely different in nature, size, computational and energy capabilities, etc. Nowadays, in addition, data collection could be performed by UAV platforms which can be a sink for ground sensors layer, acting essentially as a mobile gateway. In order to maximize the system performances and the network lifespan, the authors propose a recently developed hybrid technique based on evolutionary algorithms. The goal of this procedure is to optimize the communication energy consumption in WSN by selecting the optimal multi-hop routing schemes, with a suitable hybridization of different routing criteria. The proposed approach can be potentially extended and applied to ongoing research projects focused on UAV-based sensing with WSN augmentation and real-time processing for immersive media experiences
Traveling Salesman Problem
The idea behind TSP was conceived by Austrian mathematician Karl Menger in mid 1930s who invited the research community to consider a problem from the everyday life from a mathematical point of view. A traveling salesman has to visit exactly once each one of a list of m cities and then return to the home city. He knows the cost of traveling from any city i to any other city j. Thus, which is the tour of least possible cost the salesman can take? In this book the problem of finding algorithmic technique leading to good/optimal solutions for TSP (or for some other strictly related problems) is considered. TSP is a very attractive problem for the research community because it arises as a natural subproblem in many applications concerning the every day life. Indeed, each application, in which an optimal ordering of a number of items has to be chosen in a way that the total cost of a solution is determined by adding up the costs arising from two successively items, can be modelled as a TSP instance. Thus, studying TSP can never be considered as an abstract research with no real importance
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