671 research outputs found

    Privacy Nicks: How the Law Normalizes Surveillance

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    Privacy law is failing to protect individuals from being watched and exposed, despite stronger surveillance and data protection rules. The problem is that our rules look to social norms to set thresholds for privacy violations, but people can get used to being observed. In this article, we argue that by ignoring de minimis privacy encroachments, the law is complicit in normalizing surveillance. Privacy law helps acclimate people to being watched by ignoring smaller, more frequent, and more mundane privacy diminutions. We call these reductions “privacy nicks,” like the proverbial “thousand cuts” that lead to death.Privacy nicks come from the proliferation of cameras and biometric sensors on doorbells, glasses, and watches, and the drift of surveillance and data analytics into new areas of our lives like travel, exercise, and social gatherings. Under our theory of privacy nicks as the Achilles heel of surveillance law, invasive practices become routine through repeated exposures that acclimate us to being vulnerable and watched in increasingly intimate ways. With acclimation comes resignation, and this shift in attitude biases how citizens and lawmakers view reasonable measures and fair tradeoffs.Because the law looks to norms and people’s expectations to set thresholds for what counts as a privacy violation, the normalization of these nicks results in a constant re-negotiation of privacy standards to society’s disadvantage. When this happens, the legal and social threshold for rejecting invasive new practices keeps getting redrawn, excusing ever more aggressive intrusions. In effect, the test of what privacy law allows is whatever people will tolerate. There is no rule to stop us from tolerating everything. This article provides a new theory and terminology to understand where privacy law falls short and suggests a way to escape the current surveillance spiral

    Digitalization and Development

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    This book examines the diffusion of digitalization and Industry 4.0 technologies in Malaysia by focusing on the ecosystem critical for its expansion. The chapters examine the digital proliferation in major sectors of agriculture, manufacturing, e-commerce and services, as well as the intermediary organizations essential for the orderly performance of socioeconomic agents. The book incisively reviews policy instruments critical for the effective and orderly development of the embedding organizations, and the regulatory framework needed to quicken the appropriation of socioeconomic synergies from digitalization and Industry 4.0 technologies. It highlights the importance of collaboration between government, academic and industry partners, as well as makes key recommendations on how to encourage adoption of IR4.0 technologies in the short- and long-term. This book bridges the concepts and applications of digitalization and Industry 4.0 and will be a must-read for policy makers seeking to quicken the adoption of its technologies

    Digital Innovations for a Circular Plastic Economy in Africa

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    Plastic pollution is one of the biggest challenges of the twenty-first century that requires innovative and varied solutions. Focusing on sub-Saharan Africa, this book brings together interdisciplinary, multi-sectoral and multi-stakeholder perspectives exploring challenges and opportunities for utilising digital innovations to manage and accelerate the transition to a circular plastic economy (CPE). This book is organised into three sections bringing together discussion of environmental conditions, operational dimensions and country case studies of digital transformation towards the circular plastic economy. It explores the environment for digitisation in the circular economy, bringing together perspectives from practitioners in academia, innovation, policy, civil society and government agencies. The book also highlights specific country case studies in relation to the development and implementation of different innovative ideas to drive the circular plastic economy across the three sub-Saharan African regions. Finally, the book interrogates the policy dimensions and practitioner perspectives towards a digitally enabled circular plastic economy. Written for a wide range of readers across academia, policy and practice, including researchers, students, small and medium enterprises (SMEs), digital entrepreneurs, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and multilateral agencies, policymakers and public officials, this book offers unique insights into complex, multilayered issues relating to the production and management of plastic waste and highlights how digital innovations can drive the transition to the circular plastic economy in Africa. The Open Access version of this book, available at https://www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license

    Developing mHealth interventions:Using dual process theories to reduce cardiovascular disease risk

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    Tradition and Innovation in Construction Project Management

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    This book is a reprint of the Special Issue 'Tradition and Innovation in Construction Project Management' that was published in the journal Buildings

    Internet of Things Affordance for Open Educational Resources in a Comprehensive Open Distance E-learning

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    The Internet of Things (IoT) space has dual dimensions of affordance to support open educational resources (OER). The duality of affordance has little or not been well articulated in relation to OER, particularly in a Comprehensive open distance e-learning (CODEL) institution. Such an institution is a mega open distance in South Africa and beyond the continent to accommodate students globally and rely on information and communication technology (ICT) in the provision of tuition. In the CODEL institution, there is a recognizable shift as the institution encourages the appropriation of OER and phasing out the prescription of the prescribed textbooks. The research opted for the qualitative approach to establish the role and the causality of IoT affordance in the appropriation of OER. The technology affordance theory has been used as the main theoretical underpinning for this study. The study found that the CODEL institution is IoT driven when handling OER. Furthermore, IoT affordance for OER suggests two propositions as a contribution: CODEL requires to articulate and realignment of its business enterprise system with IoT-driven infrastructure to accommodate tuition using OER; and the IoT-driven context needs to seek possible solutions to adopt artificial intelligence practices for the advancement of OER. In a recommendation for future research, there is a need to investigate the appropriation of OER through IoT affordance in all South African higher education institutions including the contact or traditional universities

    Behavior quantification as the missing link between fields: Tools for digital psychiatry and their role in the future of neurobiology

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    The great behavioral heterogeneity observed between individuals with the same psychiatric disorder and even within one individual over time complicates both clinical practice and biomedical research. However, modern technologies are an exciting opportunity to improve behavioral characterization. Existing psychiatry methods that are qualitative or unscalable, such as patient surveys or clinical interviews, can now be collected at a greater capacity and analyzed to produce new quantitative measures. Furthermore, recent capabilities for continuous collection of passive sensor streams, such as phone GPS or smartwatch accelerometer, open avenues of novel questioning that were previously entirely unrealistic. Their temporally dense nature enables a cohesive study of real-time neural and behavioral signals. To develop comprehensive neurobiological models of psychiatric disease, it will be critical to first develop strong methods for behavioral quantification. There is huge potential in what can theoretically be captured by current technologies, but this in itself presents a large computational challenge -- one that will necessitate new data processing tools, new machine learning techniques, and ultimately a shift in how interdisciplinary work is conducted. In my thesis, I detail research projects that take different perspectives on digital psychiatry, subsequently tying ideas together with a concluding discussion on the future of the field. I also provide software infrastructure where relevant, with extensive documentation. Major contributions include scientific arguments and proof of concept results for daily free-form audio journals as an underappreciated psychiatry research datatype, as well as novel stability theorems and pilot empirical success for a proposed multi-area recurrent neural network architecture.Comment: PhD thesis cop

    The computerized remote control system for a programmable thermostat

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    Бакалаврська робота складається з чотирьох розділів. Перший розділ описує Аналіз Wi-Fi термостата, його підключення за допомогою BLYNK. У другому розділі описано процес проектування Wi-Fi термостата та обґрунтування апаратного та програмного забезпечення. У третьому розділі виконується впровадження програмного забезпечення та тестування Wi-Fi термостата У четвертому розділі викладено питання безпеки життєдіяльності та основи охорони праці.The bachelor's thesis consists of four sections. The first section describes the Analysis of the Wi-Fi thermostat, it connection using BLYNK. The second section describes the process of designing Wifi thermostat and the justification of the hardware and software. The third section performs software implementation and testing of a Wifi thermostat The fourth section describes the issues of life safety and the basics of labor protection.INTRODUCTION 8 CHAPTER 1 ANALYSIS OF TECHNICAL TASK 9 1.1 Analysis of the Wi-Fi Thermostat 9 1.2 Analysis of the common WiFi thermostat 10 1.3 Overview of the connection via BLYNK, as the main way of communication between the user and the system 12 CHAPTER 2 PROJECT PART 14 2.1 Development of the generalized structure of the computer system 14 2.2 Description of electrical schematic 16 2.3 Description of connection schematic 19 2.4 Justification of the choice of hardware of the Wi-Fi thermostat 21 2.4.1 Wi-Fi board NodeMCU CP2102 ESP8266 21 2.4.2 DHT22 temperature/humidity sensor 23 2.4.3 MH-Z19 CO2 sensor 24 2.4.4 DS3231 real-time clock 26 2.4.5 Blue graphic display 0.96" I2C OLED LCD 28 2.4.6 Transmitter 433MHz 30 2.4.7 Arduino Pro Mini 5V 31 2.4.8 Receiver 433MHz 33 2.4.9 2-channel relay 35 2.4.10 HLK-PM01 adaptor 36 2.5 Justification of the choice of software of the WIFI thermostat 37 2.6 Flowchart for WIFI thermostat 38 CHAPTER 3 PRACTICAL PART 42 3.1 Problems with modern thermostat 42 3.2Powering of the Wi-Fi Thermostat 43 3.3 Placement of DHT22 45 3.4 Alternate for DHT22 46 3.5 Power Supply for Analyser 47 3.6 Power Supply to Contactor Device 48 3.7 Code for contractor 50 3.8 Wi-Fi connection 51 3.9 System testing 54 3.10 Future Improvement 55 CHAPTER 4 SAFETY OF LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITIES, BASIS OF LABOR PROTECTION 59 4.1 Safe Methods using the device 59 4.2 Basic of labor Protection 61 CONCLUSIONS 65 REFERENCES 67 APPENDIX A Program code 6
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