Ant-colony and nature-inspired heuristic models for NOMA systems: a review

The increasing computational complexity in scheduling the large number of users for non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) system and future cellular networks lead to the need for scheduling models with relatively lower computational complexity such as heuristic models. The main objective of this paper is to conduct a concise study on ant-colony optimization (ACO) methods and potential nature-inspired heuristic models for NOMA implementation in future high-speed networks. The issues, challenges and future work of ACO and other related heuristic models in NOMA are concisely reviewed. The throughput result of the proposed ACO method is observed to be close to the maximum theoretical value and stands 44% higher than that of the existing method. This result demonstrates the effectiveness of ACO implementation for NOMA user scheduling and grouping

A Comprehensive Overview on 5G-and-Beyond Networks with UAVs: From Communications to Sensing and Intelligence

Due to the advancements in cellular technologies and the dense deployment of cellular infrastructure, integrating unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) into the fifth-generation (5G) and beyond cellular networks is a promising solution to achieve safe UAV operation as well as enabling diversified applications with mission-specific payload data delivery. In particular, 5G networks need to support three typical usage scenarios, namely, enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC), and massive machine-type communications (mMTC). On the one hand, UAVs can be leveraged as cost-effective aerial platforms to provide ground users with enhanced communication services by exploiting their high cruising altitude and controllable maneuverability in three-dimensional (3D) space. On the other hand, providing such communication services simultaneously for both UAV and ground users poses new challenges due to the need for ubiquitous 3D signal coverage as well as the strong air-ground network interference. Besides the requirement of high-performance wireless communications, the ability to support effective and efficient sensing as well as network intelligence is also essential for 5G-and-beyond 3D heterogeneous wireless networks with coexisting aerial and ground users. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of the latest research efforts on integrating UAVs into cellular networks, with an emphasis on how to exploit advanced techniques (e.g., intelligent reflecting surface, short packet transmission, energy harvesting, joint communication and radar sensing, and edge intelligence) to meet the diversified service requirements of next-generation wireless systems. Moreover, we highlight important directions for further investigation in future work.Comment: Accepted by IEEE JSA

Intelligent Approaches for Energy-Efficient Resource Allocation in the Cognitive Radio Network

The cognitive radio (CR) is evolved as the promising technology to alleviate the spectrum scarcity issues by allowing the secondary users (SUs) to use the licensed band in an opportunistic manner. Various challenges need to be addressed before the successful deployment of CR technology. This thesis work presents intelligent resource allocation techniques for improving energy efficiency (EE) of low battery powered CR nodes where resources refer to certain important parameters that directly or indirectly affect EE. As far as the primary user (PU) is concerned, the SUs are allowed to transmit on the licensed band until their transmission power would not cause any interference to the primary network. Also, the SUs must use the licensed band efficiently during the PU’s absence. Therefore, the two key factors such as protection to the primary network and throughput above the threshold are important from the PU’s and SUs’ perspective, respectively. In deployment of CR, malicious users may be more active to prevent the CR users from accessing the spectrum or cause unnecessary interference to the both primary and secondary transmission. Considering these aspects, this thesis focuses on developing novel approaches for energy-efficient resource allocation under the constraints of interference to the PR, minimum achievable data rate and maximum transmission power by optimizing the resource parameters such as sensing time and the secondary transmission power with suitably selecting SUs. Two different domains considered in this thesis are the soft decision fusion (SDF)-based cooperative spectrum sensing CR network (CRN) models without and with the primary user emulation attack (PUEA). An efficient iterative algorithm called iterative Dinkelbach method (IDM) is proposed to maximize EE with suitable SUs in the absence of the attacker. In the proposed approaches, different constraints are evaluated considering the negative impact of the PUE attacker on the secondary transmission while maximizing EE with the PUE attacker. The optimization problem associated with the non-convex constraints is solved by our proposed iterative resource allocation algorithms (novel iterative resource allocation (NIRA) and novel adaptive resource allocation (NARA)) with suitable selection of SUs for jointly optimizing the sensing time and power allocation. In the CR enhanced vehicular ad hoc network (CR-VANET), the time varying channel responses with the vehicular movement are considered without and with the attacker. In the absence of the PUE attacker, an interference-aware power allocation scheme based on normalized least mean square (NLMS) algorithm is proposed to maximize EE considering the dynamic constraints. In the presence of the attacker, the optimization problem associated with the non-convex and time-varying constraints is solved by an efficient approach based on genetic algorithm (GA). Further, an investigation is attempted to apply the CR technology in industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band through spectrum occupancy prediction, sub-band selection and optimal power allocation to the CR users using the real time indoor measurement data. Efficacies of the proposed approaches are verified through extensive simulation studies in the MATLAB environment and by comparing with the existing literature. Further, the impacts of different network parameters on the system performance are analyzed in detail. The proposed approaches will be highly helpful in designing energy-efficient CRN model with low complexity for future CR deployment

Robotic Wireless Sensor Networks

In this chapter, we present a literature survey of an emerging, cutting-edge, and multi-disciplinary field of research at the intersection of Robotics and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) which we refer to as Robotic Wireless Sensor Networks (RWSN). We define a RWSN as an autonomous networked multi-robot system that aims to achieve certain sensing goals while meeting and maintaining certain communication performance requirements, through cooperative control, learning and adaptation. While both of the component areas, i.e., Robotics and WSN, are very well-known and well-explored, there exist a whole set of new opportunities and research directions at the intersection of these two fields which are relatively or even completely unexplored. One such example would be the use of a set of robotic routers to set up a temporary communication path between a sender and a receiver that uses the controlled mobility to the advantage of packet routing. We find that there exist only a limited number of articles to be directly categorized as RWSN related works whereas there exist a range of articles in the robotics and the WSN literature that are also relevant to this new field of research. To connect the dots, we first identify the core problems and research trends related to RWSN such as connectivity, localization, routing, and robust flow of information. Next, we classify the existing research on RWSN as well as the relevant state-of-the-arts from robotics and WSN community according to the problems and trends identified in the first step. Lastly, we analyze what is missing in the existing literature, and identify topics that require more research attention in the future

Efficient Spectrum Sensing for the Relay Based Cognitive Radio Network for Enhancing the Network Coverage for Wireless Patient Monitoring System

The wireless Patient Monitoring System (PMS) is facing the issue of spectrum congestion. The 5G technology based wireless PMS is a promising solution. With the advancement in the wireless telecommunication technology from 4G to 5G, the important paradigm to be considered for the state of the art technique for the 5G/6G is the device to device (D2D) communication. One of the important issue associated with the advanced wireless communication technology is the network disconnection due to network blockage. Moreover, inefficient usage of the spectrum is the another major concern in wireless communication services. In this paper, by efficiently utilizing the unused spectrum the Cognitive Radio (CR) Relay assisted cooperative D2D communication has been aimed to enhance the network capacity (data rate) of the User Equipment (UE)/Licensed User (LU) which is in the network blockage area for wireless remote PMS. The CR enabled with Modified Whale Optimization Algorithm (MWOA) has been proposed for efficient spectrum sensing. The CR based relay technique for D2D communication with UE can significantly improve the performance of the network capacity without any investment on deploying new base stations. Simulation results exhibits that the performance of the network with MWOA-CR based relay technique has significantly improved.Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India; U.K. Commonwealt

6G Vision: Towards Future Collaborative Cognitive Communication (3C) Systems

6G networks are expected to have a breakthrough by enabling the emergence of collaborative cognitive communication services over heterogeneous environments for industry 5.0 applications. These applications are required to adapt human-centric approach to make the most of human intuition and intelligence in Industry 4.0 automation.It calls for a transdisciplinarity research domain to investigate innovative systems with overlapping realms of Psychology, Sociology, Communication networks, Artificial Intelligence , Natural Language Processing and Collaborative Computing. The author at the Cognitive Systems Research Centre, London South Bank University has coined the expression “3C Systems" to refer to such artifacts which stands for "Collaborative Cognitive Communication Systems”. In this paper, an innovative framework for 3C Systems is proposed that is able to analyze and predict both the human as well as machine behaviors. It proactively diagnoses issues and recommends solutions without requiring any human intervention. The proposed concept of 3C Systems would potentially contribute towards 6G standardization. The automation and orchestration aspects of this research have variety of applications stretched across city infrastructures, retail, business, tourism, health, law, education and travel. A thorough insight to a broad view of 6G vision has been presented towards envisioned 3C Systems, while covering its enabling technologies. The experimental results for the proof of concept implementation has been presented. Results affirm the technical capabilities of the concept, to contribute to several industry 5.0 applications including, but not limited to holographic communication, self-driving vehicles, context-aware infrastructure and personalized interfaces