Multicast outing protocols and architectures in mobile ad-hoc wireless networks

The basic philosophy of personal communication services is to provide user-to-user, location independent communication services. The emerging group communication wireless applications, such as multipoint data dissemination and multiparty conferencing tools have made the design and development of efficient multicast techniques in mobile ad-hoc networking environments a necessity and not just a desire. Multicast protocols in mobile adhoc networks have been an area of active research for the past few years. In this dissertation, protocols and architectures for supporting multicast services are proposed, analyzed and evaluated in mobile ad-hoc wireless networks. In the first chapter, the activities and recent advances are summarized in this work-in-progress area by identifying the main issues and challenges that multicast protocols are facing in mobile ad-hoc networking environments and by surveying several existing multicasting protocols. a classification of the current multicast protocols is presented, the functionality of the individual existing protocols is discussed, and a qualitative comparison of their characteristics is provided according to several distinct features and performance parameters. In the second chapter, a novel mobility-based clustering strategy that facilitates the support of multicast routing and mobility management is presented in mobile ad-hoc networks. In the proposed structure, mobile nodes are organized into nonoverlapping clusters which have adaptive variable-sizes according to their respective mobility. The mobility-based clustering (MBC) approach which is proposed uses combination of both physical and logical partitions of the network (i.e. geographic proximity and functional relation between nodes, such as mobility pattern etc.). In the third chapter, an entropy-based modeling framework for supporting and evaluating the stability is proposed in mobile ad-hoc wireless networks. The basic motivations of the proposed modeling approach stem from the commonality observed in the location uncertainty in mobile ad-hoc wireless networks and the concept of entropy. In the fourth chapter, a Mobility-based Hybrid Multicast Routing (MHMR) protocol suitable for mobile ad-hoc networks is proposed. The MHMR uses the MBC algorithm as the underlying structure. The main features that the proposed protocol introduces are the following: a) mobility based clustering and group based hierarchical structure, in order to effectively support the stability and scalability, b) group based (limited) mesh structure and forwarding tree concepts, in order to support the robustness of the mesh topologies which provides limited redundancy and the efficiency of tree forwarding simultaneously, and c) combination of proactive and reactive concepts which provide the low route acquisition delay of proactive techniques and the low overhead of reactive methods. In the fifth chapter, an architecture for supporting geomulticast services with high message delivery accuracy is presented in mobile ad-hoc wireless networks. Geomulticast is a specialized location-dependent multicasting technique, where messages are multicast to some specific user groups within a specific zone. An analytical framework which is used to evaluate the various geomulticast architectures and protocols is also developed and presented. The last chapter concludes the dissertation

Metaheuristics Techniques for Cluster Head Selection in WSN: A Survey

In recent years, Wireless sensor communication is growing expeditiously on the capability to gather information, communicate and transmit data effectively. Clustering is the main objective of improving the network lifespan in Wireless sensor network. It includes selecting the cluster head for each cluster in addition to grouping the nodes into clusters. The cluster head gathers data from the normal nodes in the cluster, and the gathered information is then transmitted to the base station. However, there are many reasons in effect opposing unsteady cluster head selection and dead nodes. The technique for selecting a cluster head takes into factors to consider including residual energy, neighbors’ nodes, and the distance between the base station to the regular nodes. In this study, we thoroughly investigated by number of methods of selecting a cluster head and constructing a cluster. Additionally, a quick performance assessment of the techniques' performance is given together with the methods' criteria, advantages, and future directions

On IPv6 Slow Adoption; Why We Might Approach it Wrongly?

The slow adoption of IPv6, despite its numerous advantages over IPv4, is a pressing issue in many regions, including Indonesia. This challenge is particularly significant given the increasing demand for Internet of Things (IoT) devices and the need for a sustainable, scalable, and flexible network infrastructure. In response to this issue, our research introduces the Design Thinking-Inspired Technology Adoption (DTITA) model. This innovative approach leverages design thinking principles to facilitate the adoption of new and challenging technologies. DTITA incorporates the five stages of design thinking alongside traditional technology adoption factors, such as perceived usefulness, ease of use, and social influence. The DTITA model aims to create user-centric solutions that address new technologies' unique challenges and barriers. By placing the user at the center of the design process, we were able to develop solutions that are not only technologically advanced but also highly accessible and relevant to users. Through a survey involving individuals from the education industry, Internet Service Providers (ISPs), content providers, government institutions, and the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) industry, we identified key barriers impeding the widespread implementation of IPv6. This study provides valuable insights into the application of design thinking in the context of technology adoption, particularly in the case of IPv6. It contributes to the broader discourse on technology adoption and offers practical recommendations for stakeholders and decision-makers in Indonesia

Análisis de desempeño de leach variando el porcentaje de cluster head

The LEACH protocol is a “standard” protocol used in the analysis and simulation of wireless sensor networks. This article analyzes the effect of varying parameter values in the LEACH protocol. In particular, the case of varying cluster head node assignments to , , and  of the total nodes of the network. Specifically, it shows the energy effect of this variation and the corresponding data traffic analysis, showing simulation results that illustrate the behavior resulting from this variation by using an approach of time-division multiplexing on the clusters.El protocolo LEACH es un protocolo “patrón” utilizado en análisis y simulación de redes de sensores inalámbricos. En este artículo, se analiza el efecto de variar los valores de los parámetros utilizados en el protocolo LEACH que, para el caso particular, se presenta la variación de asignación de nodos Cluster Head en porcentajes del ,  y  del total de los nodos de la red. En particular, se muestra el efecto energético de esta variación y su respectivo análisis de tráfico de datos, presentando resultados de simulación que ilustran el comportamiento de esta variación, bajo un enfoque de acceso múltiple por división de tiempo sobre los cluster encontrados por LEACH

A Novel Energy Aware Clustering Mechanism with Fuzzy Logic in MANET Environment

A Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) comprises of the vast range of devices such as sensors, smart phones, laptops and other mobile devices that connect with each other across wireless networks and collaborate in a dispersed fashion to offer network functions in the absence of a permanent infrastructure. The Cluster Head (CH) selection in a clustered MANET is still crucial for lowering each node's energy consumption and increasing the network's lifetime. However, in existing clustering mechanism trust of the all nodes are presumed those causes increased challenge in the MANET environment. Security is a crucial factor when constructing ad-hoc networks. In a MANET, energy consumption in route optimization is dependent on network resilience and connectivity. The primary objective of this study is to design a reliable clustering mechanism for MANETs that takes energy efficiency into account. For trusted energy-efficient CH in the nodes, a safe clustering strategy integrating energy-efficient and fuzzy logic based energy clustering is proposed to address security problems brought about by malicious nodes and to pick a trustworthy node as CH. To improve the problem findings Bat algorithm (BAT) is integrated with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The PSO technique is inspired because it imitates the sociological characteristics of the flock of the birds through random population. The BAT is a metaheuristic algorithm inspired by microbat echolocation behavior that uses pulse average with global optimization of the average path in the network. Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization (HPSO) and BAT techniques are applied to identify the best route between the source and destination. According to the simulation results, the suggested Fuzzy logic Particle Swarm Optimization BAT (FLPSO-BAT) technique has a minimum latency of 0.0019 milliseconds, with energy consumption value of 0.09 millijoules, maximal throughput of 0.76 bits per sec and detection rate of 90.5% without packet dropping attack

DESIGN OF MOBILE DATA COLLECTOR BASED CLUSTERING ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consisting of hundreds or even thousands of nodes, canbe used for a multitude of applications such as warfare intelligence or to monitor the environment. A typical WSN node has a limited and usually an irreplaceable power source and the efficient use of the available power is of utmost importance to ensure maximum lifetime of eachWSNapplication. Each of the nodes needs to transmit and communicate sensed data to an aggregation point for use by higher layer systems. Data and message transmission among nodes collectively consume the largest amount of energy available in WSNs. The network routing protocols ensure that every message reaches thedestination and has a direct impact on the amount of transmissions to deliver messages successfully. To this end, the transmission protocol within the WSNs should be scalable, adaptable and optimized to consume the least possible amount of energy to suite different network architectures and application domains. The inclusion of mobile nodes in the WSNs deployment proves to be detrimental to protocol performance in terms of nodes energy efficiency and reliable message delivery. This thesis which proposes a novel Mobile Data Collector based clustering routing protocol for WSNs is designed that combines cluster based hierarchical architecture and utilizes three-tier multi-hop routing strategy between cluster heads to base station by the help of Mobile Data Collector (MDC) for inter-cluster communication. In addition, a Mobile Data Collector based routing protocol is compared with Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy and A Novel Application Specific Network Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks routing protocol. The protocol is designed with the following in mind: minimize the energy consumption of sensor nodes, resolve communication holes issues, maintain data reliability, finally reach tradeoff between energy efficiency and latency in terms of End-to-End, and channel access delays. Simulation results have shown that the Mobile Data Collector based clustering routing protocol for WSNs could be easily implemented in environmental applications where energy efficiency of sensor nodes, network lifetime and data reliability are major concerns

Evaluation of Energy Consumption in Industry 4.0

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are significantly important in the advanced monitoring of applications for the Internet of Things, particularly in difficult-to-access locations where wired solutions are impractical or expensive. Critical elements and characteristics of WSNs in terms of power consumption are being characterized and evaluated. However, there is a gap in research in terms of selecting and structuring the most efficient (WSN) in consideration of energy sustainability and the amount of required energy by the WSN that can be supplied wirelessly. In this thesis, a systems-level approach was taken to evaluate the energy required for sensing, processing, and communication over a WSN for an industrial application. A literature review was also conducted to identify the power consumption of some transducers typically used in manufacturing, such as temperature, acceleration, and displacement transducers. Additionally, the power consumption of the commonly available local processing units used to produce “smart” sensors was compared in this work. Different data transmission protocols were also evaluated for power consumption in different operation modes for different microcontrollers. These requirements and results taken from the literature were used to identify the power consumption at each location in WSN. This was then used to create a framework for surveying the theoretical requirement (limits) to power each of these locations. Various power sources were considered as possible solutions, including energy storage (wired and wireless charging), power distribution, and power harvesting techniques. The framework can be used in one of two ways; the WSN can either be modified to reduce power consumption to meet supply (for example, changing the operational mode to a more energy-efficient one), or a different power supply can be proposed to meet demand. In this way, the framework provides a tool for the design of any industry-based WSN. Finally, a machine tool was used as a case study to show how the framework can be used, in consideration of the available energy harvesting techniques that can be used to power specific elements of the WSN. Further work should focus on investigating the possibility of using other techniques to optimize the power consumption of WSNs considering the available wireless energy sources, as well as suggest other efficient techniques

Development of a wireless sensor network for agricultural monitoring for Internet of Things (IoT)

Monitoring of the agricultural environment has become an important area of control and protection which provides real-time system and control communication with the physical world. This thesis focuses on Development ofa wireless Sensor Network for agricultural monitoring for Internet of things (IoT) to monitor environmental condition. Among the various technologies for Agriculture monitoring, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are perceived as an amazing one to gather and process information in the agricultural area with low-cost and low-energy consumption. WSN is capable of providing processed field data in real time from sensors which are physically distributed in the field. Agriculture and farming are one of the industries which have a late occupied their regards for WSNs, looking for this financially acute innovation to improve its production and upgrade agribusiness yield standard. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have pulled in a lot consideration in recent years.The proposed system uses WSN sensors to capture and track information pertaining to crop growth condition outside and inside greenhouses. 6LowPAN network protocol is used for low power consumption and for transmitting and receiving of data packets.This thesis introduces the agricultural monitoring system's hardware design, system architecture, and software process control. Agriculture monitoring system set-up is based on Contiki OS while device testing is carried out using real-time farm information and historical dat