74 research outputs found

    SECURITY, PRIVACY AND APPLICATIONS IN VEHICULAR AD HOC NETWORKS

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    With wireless vehicular communications, Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) enable numerous applications to enhance traffic safety, traffic efficiency, and driving experience. However, VANETs also impose severe security and privacy challenges which need to be thoroughly investigated. In this dissertation, we enhance the security, privacy, and applications of VANETs, by 1) designing application-driven security and privacy solutions for VANETs, and 2) designing appealing VANET applications with proper security and privacy assurance. First, the security and privacy challenges of VANETs with most application significance are identified and thoroughly investigated. With both theoretical novelty and realistic considerations, these security and privacy schemes are especially appealing to VANETs. Specifically, multi-hop communications in VANETs suffer from packet dropping, packet tampering, and communication failures which have not been satisfyingly tackled in literature. Thus, a lightweight reliable and faithful data packet relaying framework (LEAPER) is proposed to ensure reliable and trustworthy multi-hop communications by enhancing the cooperation of neighboring nodes. Message verification, including both content and signature verification, generally is computation-extensive and incurs severe scalability issues to each node. The resource-aware message verification (RAMV) scheme is proposed to ensure resource-aware, secure, and application-friendly message verification in VANETs. On the other hand, to make VANETs acceptable to the privacy-sensitive users, the identity and location privacy of each node should be properly protected. To this end, a joint privacy and reputation assurance (JPRA) scheme is proposed to synergistically support privacy protection and reputation management by reconciling their inherent conflicting requirements. Besides, the privacy implications of short-time certificates are thoroughly investigated in a short-time certificates-based privacy protection (STCP2) scheme, to make privacy protection in VANETs feasible with short-time certificates. Secondly, three novel solutions, namely VANET-based ambient ad dissemination (VAAD), general-purpose automatic survey (GPAS), and VehicleView, are proposed to support the appealing value-added applications based on VANETs. These solutions all follow practical application models, and an incentive-centered architecture is proposed for each solution to balance the conflicting requirements of the involved entities. Besides, the critical security and privacy challenges of these applications are investigated and addressed with novel solutions. Thus, with proper security and privacy assurance, these solutions show great application significance and economic potentials to VANETs. Thus, by enhancing the security, privacy, and applications of VANETs, this dissertation fills the gap between the existing theoretic research and the realistic implementation of VANETs, facilitating the realistic deployment of VANETs

    Cognitive Security Framework For Heterogeneous Sensor Network Using Swarm Intelligence

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    Rapid development of sensor technology has led to applications ranging from academic to military in a short time span. These tiny sensors are deployed in environments where security for data or hardware cannot be guaranteed. Due to resource constraints, traditional security schemes cannot be directly applied. Unfortunately, due to minimal or no communication security schemes, the data, link and the sensor node can be easily tampered by intruder attacks. This dissertation presents a security framework applied to a sensor network that can be managed by a cohesive sensor manager. A simple framework that can support security based on situation assessment is best suited for chaotic and harsh environments. The objective of this research is designing an evolutionary algorithm with controllable parameters to solve existing and new security threats in a heterogeneous communication network. An in-depth analysis of the different threats and the security measures applied considering the resource constrained network is explored. Any framework works best, if the correlated or orthogonal performance parameters are carefully considered based on system goals and functions. Hence, a trade-off between the different performance parameters based on weights from partially ordered sets is applied to satisfy application specific requirements and security measures. The proposed novel framework controls heterogeneous sensor network requirements,and balance the resources optimally and efficiently while communicating securely using a multi-objection function. In addition, the framework can measure the affect of single or combined denial of service attacks and also predict new attacks under both cooperative and non-cooperative sensor nodes. The cognitive intuition of the framework is evaluated under different simulated real time scenarios such as Health-care monitoring, Emergency Responder, VANET, Biometric security access system, and Battlefield monitoring. The proposed three-tiered Cognitive Security Framework is capable of performing situation assessment and performs the appropriate security measures to maintain reliability and security of the system. The first tier of the proposed framework, a crosslayer cognitive security protocol defends the communication link between nodes during denial-of-Service attacks by re-routing data through secure nodes. The cognitive nature of the protocol balances resources and security making optimal decisions to obtain reachable and reliable solutions. The versatility and robustness of the protocol is justified by the results obtained in simulating health-care and emergency responder applications under Sybil and Wormhole attacks. The protocol considers metrics from each layer of the network model to obtain an optimal and feasible resource efficient solution. In the second tier, the emergent behavior of the protocol is further extended to mine information from the nodes to defend the network against denial-of-service attack using Bayesian models. The jammer attack is considered the most vulnerable attack, and therefore simulated vehicular ad-hoc network is experimented with varied types of jammer. Classification of the jammer under various attack scenarios is formulated to predict the genuineness of the attacks on the sensor nodes using receiver operating characteristics. In addition to detecting the jammer attack, a simple technique of locating the jammer under cooperative nodes is implemented. This feature enables the network in isolating the jammer or the reputation of node is affected, thus removing the malicious node from participating in future routes. Finally, a intrusion detection system using `bait\u27 architecture is analyzed where resources is traded-off for the sake of security due to sensitivity of the application. The architecture strategically enables ant agents to detect and track the intruders threateningthe network. The proposed framework is evaluated based on accuracy and speed of intrusion detection before the network is compromised. This process of detecting the intrusion earlier helps learn future attacks, but also serves as a defense countermeasure. The simulated scenarios of this dissertation show that Cognitive Security Framework isbest suited for both homogeneous and heterogeneous sensor networks

    Location Privacy in VANETs: Improved Chaff-Based CMIX and Privacy-Preserving End-to-End Communication

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    VANETs communication systems are technologies and defined policies that can be formed to enable ITS applications to provide road traffic efficacy, warning about such issues as environmental dangers, journey circumstances, and in the provision of infotainment that considerably enhance transportation safety and quality. The entities in VANETs, generally vehicles, form part of a massive network known as the Internet of Vehicles (IoV). The deployment of large-scale VANETs systems is impossible without ensuring that such systems are themselves are safe and secure, protecting the privacy of their users. There is a risk that cars might be hacked, or their sensors become defective, causing inaccurate information to be sent across the network. Consequently, the activities and credentials of participating vehicles should be held responsible and quickly broadcast throughout a vast VANETs, considering the accountability in the system. The openness of wireless communication means that an observer can eavesdrop on vehicular communication and gain access or otherwise deduce users' sensitive information, and perhaps profile vehicles based on numerous factors such as tracing their travels and the identification of their home/work locations. In order to protect the system from malicious or compromised entities, as well as to preserve user privacy, the goal is to achieve communication security, i.e., keep users' identities hidden from both the outside world and the security infrastructure and service providers. Being held accountable while still maintaining one's privacy is a difficult balancing act. This thesis explores novel solution paths to the above challenges by investigating the impact of low-density messaging to improve the security of vehicle communications and accomplish unlinkability in VANETs. This is achieved by proposing an improved chaff-based CMIX protocol that uses fake messages to increase density to mitigate tracking in this scenario. Recently, Christian \etall \cite{vaas2018nowhere} proposed a Chaff-based CMIX scheme that sends fake messages under the presumption low-density conditions to enhance vehicle privacy and confuse attackers. To accomplish full unlinkability, we first show the following security and privacy vulnerabilities in the Christian \etall scheme: linkability attacks outside the CMIX may occur due to deterministic data-sharing during the authentication phase (e.g., duplicate certificates for each communication). Adversaries may inject fake certificates, which breaks Cuckoo Filters' (CFs) updates authenticity, and the injection may be deniable. CMIX symmetric key leakage outside the coverage may occur. We propose a VPKI-based protocol to mitigate these issues. First, we use a modified version of Wang \etall's \cite{wang2019practical} scheme to provide mutual authentication without revealing the real identity. To this end, a vehicle's messages are signed with a different pseudo-identity “certificate”. Furthermore, the density is increased via the sending of fake messages during low traffic periods to provide unlinkability outside the mix-zone. Second, unlike Christian \etall's scheme, we use the Adaptive Cuckoo Filter (ACF) instead of CF to overcome the effects of false positives on the whole filter. Moreover, to prevent any alteration of the ACFs, only RUSs distribute the updates, and they sign the new fingerprints. Third, mutual authentication prevents any leakage from the mix zones' symmetric keys by generating a fresh one for each communication through a Diffie–Hellman key exchange. As a second main contribution of this thesis, we focus on the V2V communication without the interference of a Trusted Third Party (TTP)s in case this has been corrupted, destroyed, or is out of range. This thesis presents a new and efficient end-to-end anonymous key exchange protocol based on Yang \etall's \cite{yang2015self} self-blindable signatures. In our protocol, vehicles first privately blind their own private certificates for each communication outside the mix-zone and then compute an anonymous shared key based on zero-knowledge proof of knowledge (PoK). The efficiency comes from the fact that once the signatures are verified, the ephemeral values in the PoK are also used to compute a shared key through an authenticated Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol. Therefore, the protocol does not require any further external information to generate a shared key. Our protocol also does not require interfacing with the Roadside Units or Certificate Authorities, and hence can be securely run outside the mixed-zones. We demonstrate the security of our protocol in ideal/real simulation paradigms. Hence, our protocol achieves secure authentication, forward unlinkability, and accountability. Furthermore, the performance analysis shows that our protocol is more efficient in terms of computational and communications overheads compared to existing schemes.Kuwait Cultural Offic

    Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

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    Being infrastructure-less and without central administration control, wireless ad-hoc networking is playing a more and more important role in extending the coverage of traditional wireless infrastructure (cellular networks, wireless LAN, etc). This book includes state-of the-art techniques and solutions for wireless ad-hoc networks. It focuses on the following topics in ad-hoc networks: vehicular ad-hoc networks, security and caching, TCP in ad-hoc networks and emerging applications. It is targeted to provide network engineers and researchers with design guidelines for large scale wireless ad hoc networks
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