Optimization of energy consumption of ozone generator and plasma generator in decolorization and disinfecting of water system in urban residence

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The water field futurology is mostly focused on the water shortage and resulting political-security crises. However, the emphasis of this study is on the water pollution crisis. This study utilizes water decolorization and microbial decontamination as novel and low-risk methods in water and water resources sanitization with the preservation of the municipal environment approach. Modern oxidation methods for pre-treatment or aid-treatment have well-attained their place in the water and wastewater treatment process to reduce microbial and chemical contamination of water. Applying light, plasma, ozone, and Ultraviolet light is one of the modern and eco-friendly methods for water treatment and disinfection with growing usage.METHODS: In this research, various types of ozone and plasma generators, with the approach of energy consumption reduction, were manufactured for simultaneous decolorization and disinfecting of the water. All these devices consist of three main sections; frequency-increasing circuits, voltage-increasing transformers, and a reactor based on electrical discharge in gas. The simulation was performed using Orcad and PSPICE and Comsol softwares. After designing and simulation, a pilot of each of these three sections was made.FINDINGS: Both plasma and ozone reactors, which act as light tubes with a purple color spectrum were made and optimized for water treatment in the form of tubular tubes and flat cell for volume and surface radiation. Microbial testing of 8 water samples in terms of coliform in laboratory was confirmed by the Iran Environmental Organization mpn/100ml.RESULTS: After computer simulation, all three basic sections of an ozone generator device with a power consumption equal to a 30-watt lightbulb were made and optimized. By 5-minute injection of the ozone generated by this device into the water containing methylene blue as the color contamination index and Escherichia coli as the microbial contamination index, 99% of microbial decontamination was achieved, along with decolorization.CONCLUSION: Various types of plasma devices for decolorization and disinfecting water were made in this research. Due to the light-like nature of the plasma treatment and since the tested water sample was volumetric, and above all, due to the turbidity of the tested water sample, 30 minute of plasma treatment had no comparable effect to the ozonation method. Therefore, generating and injecting ozone was still the most effective method for simultaneous decolorization and microbial decontamination. The discoloration of water samples by ozonation with optimized devices was noticeable in the first minute

Management and technology trends in the wastewater treatment industry

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1997.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 127-132).by Peter Andrew Cocozza.M.S

Developing an experimental setup for Thunder Bay waste pollution control plant (WPCP) to evaluate UV lamp performance

An automated experimental setup was developed to measure the spectral irradiance of new low pressure (LP) ultraviolet lamp (UV). The experimental analysis was performed by the measurement of the UV intensity along the length of the lamp to evaluate the variation in UV output during preliminary 5% lifespan of the UV lamp. The automation of the experimental setup has executed with the Arduino-LabVIEW interfaced computer program to maintain sequential collaboration among the setup components. The new LP UV lamp had a non-uniform output with the unexpected rise and drop in the UV intensity at certain locations along the length. The lamp showed predominant ageing signs at the electrode, which was confirmed by the visual observation after the appearance of the darken quartz sleeve near the electrode and further reduction in UV output was verified by the experimental analysis as a result of the obstructed transmittance of the UV radiation through the quartz sleeve. Initially, UV output of the new lamp was uniform; however, as the lamp was aged analysis noticed non-uniform output along the length of the lamp though the lamp was operated for same working conditions throughout the entire experimental phase. The non-uniform temperature profile of the UV lamp was studied with the implementation of the thermal imaging IR camera to confirm variable temperature gradient inside the quartz sleeve and at the surface of the quartz sleeve. The thermal analysis recognized the overheating of the lamp electrode. Further, as amp aged the temperature profile at the lamp electrode raised significantly. The experimental analysis proved that the lamp ageing was more noticeable at lamp ends than the middle part of the lamp, which was confirmed after evaluation of the UV intensity along the length of the lamp as well as after performing the output stability test at electrode for corresponding lamp operating cycle

Controlled Ecological Life Support Systems (CELSS) conceptual design option study

Results are given of a study to explore options for the development of a Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) for a future Space Station. In addition, study results will benefit the design of other facilities such as the Life Sciences Research Facility, a ground-based CELSS demonstrator, and will be useful in planning longer range missions such as a lunar base or manned Mars mission. The objectives were to develop weight and cost estimates for one CELSS module selected from a set of preliminary plant growth unit (PGU) design options. Eleven Space Station CELSS module conceptual PGU designs were reviewed, components and subsystems identified and a sensitivity analysis performed. Areas where insufficient data is available were identified and divided into the categories of biological research, engineering research, and technology development. Topics which receive significant attention are lighting systems for the PGU, the use of automation within the CELSS system, and electric power requirements. Other areas examined include plant harvesting and processing, crop mix analysis, air circulation and atmosphere contaminant flow subsystems, thermal control considerations, utility routing including accessibility and maintenance, and nutrient subsystem design

Molecular Photochemistry

There have been various comprehensive and stand-alone text books on the introduction to Molecular Photochemistry which provide crystal clear concepts on fundamental issues. This book entitled "Molecular Photochemistry - Various Aspects" presents various advanced topics that inherently utilizes those core concepts/techniques to various advanced fields of photochemistry and are generally not available. The purpose of publication of this book is actually an effort to bring many such important topics clubbed together. The goal of this book is to familiarize both research scholars and post graduate students with recent advancement in various fields related to Photochemistry. The book is broadly divided in five parts: the photochemistry I) in solution, II) of metal oxides, III) in biology, IV) the computational aspects and V) applications. Each part provides unique aspect of photochemistry. These exciting chapters clearly indicate that the future of photochemistry like in any other burgeoning field is more exciting than the past

NASA Tech Briefs Index, 1976

Abstracts of new technology derived from the research and development activities of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration are presented. Emphasis is placed on information considered likely to be transferrable across industrial, regional, or disciplinary lines. Subject matter covered includes: electronic components and circuits; electronic systems; physical sciences; materials; life sciences; mechanics; machinery; fabrication technology; and mathematics and information sciences

Index to NASA Tech Briefs, 1975

This index contains abstracts and four indexes--subject, personal author, originating Center, and Tech Brief number--for 1975 Tech Briefs

AN INTEGRATED APPROACH FOR RESOURCES RECOVERY FROM WASTEWATER

The general focus of the present work is strictly related to find technologies for resources recovery from the integrated water cycle. The current need of achieve the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) established by the United Nations (UN), is driving the recent research activities in different field of applications. More in detail, in this PhD thesis, three aspects related to three SDGs will be examined: - The recovery of clean water, which is requested by the Goal #6 \u201cClean water and sanitation\u201d, and which can satisfy the most of the society\u2019s needs. - The recovery of protein-rich alternatives for a sustainable future, which is requested by the Goal #2 \u201cZero hunger\u201d. - Related to the previous point, the necessity of produce resources, such as novel protein sources, with a lower impact on the Earth in terms of greenhouse gases emissions, water consumption and land occupation; this is requested by the Goal #13 \u201cClimate action\u201d. In order to better understand the field of protein-rich alternatives, during the third year of the PhD, six months were spent in a Belgian company, Avecom NV (Ghent), for its experience in the optimization of microbial processes

Development of UVC advanced oxidation photolysis combined with membrane electro- bioreactor for simultaneous removal for emerging contaminants and reduction of by-products

Development of UVC advanced oxidation photolysis combined with membrane electro- bioreactor for simultaneous removal for emerging contaminants and reduction of by-products The continuous discharge of emerging contaminants (ECs) to the aquatic ecosystem generate concerns due to their unpredictable risks to human and environment. The presence of ECs in source water attributed to the conventional wastewater treatment facilities which are not fundamentally designed to completely eliminate these micropollutants at low concentrations. The aim of this research was to enhance the wastewater treatment to the level of its potential reuse as a source of water. The investigations were conducted at lab and pilot scale in 8 phases and several stages. Initially, the removal of selected ECs was optimized. Subsequently, the by-product formation and their identification were conducted. Then, the study focused on the by-product removal. In subsequent phases, the optimal technological parameters were verified in natural conditions, at the pilot scale in AOP (advance oxidation process) and AO-MEBR (membrane electro-bioreactor) facilities. Such approach permitted to study the removal of sulfamethoxazole (SMX), 17- alpha ethynyl estradiol (EE2), caffeine (CAF) and paracetamol (PCM) from various aqueous solutions (DI water, river water, effluent after wastewater treatment, and wastewater). A developed model investigated the effect of technological parameters on pharmaceuticals’ removal efficiency and on by-product abatement. The results showed superior removal efficiency (99%) by both UV/H2O2 AOP and UV/O3 AOP of SMX, PCM, CAF and EE2 in comparison to sole UVC photolysis (30-40%). UV/O3 AOP demonstrated an elevated rate and removal by 10-15% higher than ozonation alone. The target ECs such as SMX, PCM were removed by more than 80% in effluent and more than 90% in river water during 60 minutes. The differences in the ECs and their byproducts removal from various aqueous matrices were discussed from the matrix properties perspectives, particularly non-target constituents (EfOM, NOM and sacavengers) present at different amounts in target matrices. The influence of operational parametrs (oxidant and UV doses, exposure time, pH) was defined, where particular usefulness of Surface Response Methodology was underlined. Overall, the SMX and by-products’ abatement (99.99%) in different matrices by AO-MEBR hybrid system was evident. Four major SMX by-products (BP-99, BP-270, BP-288, BP-172) identified by LC-MS-MS, revealed longer lifetime and stability even after parent SMX ion removal. By applying optimal technological parameters, i.e. pH, oxidant dose and aeration rate, the by-products amounts were successfully controlled. Degradation mechanisms, reaction pathway and evolution of by-products during treatment in various aqueous solutions were conducted. Particular attention was paid on the effect of OH scavenging, the role of non-target constituencies, operation parameters, as well as aeration and superoxide radicals. Furthermore, the toxicity was decreased and energy consumption for target pollutant removal was minimized (20-25%). The AO-MEBR system not merely improved the quality of effluent with respect to refractory organic pollutants, but also likely promoted by-products and toxicity mitigation as well as saving energy leading to improved potential of water recovery from sewage

The Energy Trilogy: An Integrated Sustainability Model To Bridge Wastewater Treatment Plant Energy And Emissions Gaps

ABSTRACT An estimated 4% of national energy consumption is used for drinking water and wastewater services. Despite the awareness and optimization initiatives for energy conservation, energy consumption is on the rise owing to population and urbanization expansion and to commercial and industrial business advancement. The principal concern is since energy consumption grows, the higher will be the energy production demand, leading to an increase in CO2 footprints and the contribution to global warming potential. This research is in the area of energy-water nexus, focusing on wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) energy trilogy - the group of three related entities, which includes processes: (1) consuming energy, (2) producing energy, and (3) the resulting - CO2 equivalents. Detailed and measurable energy information is not readily obtained for wastewater facilities, specifically during facility preliminary design phases. These limitations call for data-intensive research approach on GHG emissions quantification, plant efficiencies and source reduction techniques. To achieve these goals, this research introduced a model integrating all plant processes and their pertinent energy sources. In a comprehensive and Energy Source-to-Effluent Discharge pattern, this model is capable of bridging the gaps of WWTP energy, facilitating plant designers\u27 decision-making for meeting energy assessment, sustainability and the environmental regulatory compliance. Protocols for estimating common emissions sources are available such as for fuels, whereas, site-specific emissions for other sources have to be developed and are captured in this research. The dissertation objectives were met through an extensive study of the relevant literature, models and tools, originating comprehensive lists of processes and energy sources for WWTPs, locating estimation formulas for each source, identifying site specific emissions factors, and linking the sources in a mathematical model for site specific CO2 e determination. The model was verified and showed a good agreement with billed and measured data from a base case study. In a next phase, a supplemental computational tool can be created for conducting plant energy design comparisons and plant energy and emissions parameters assessments. The main conclusions drawn from this research is that current approaches are severely limited, not covering plant\u27s design phase and not fully considering the balance of energy consumed (EC), energy produced (EP) and the resulting CO2 e emission integration. Finally their results are not representative. This makes reported governmental and institutional national energy consumption figures incomplete and/or misleading, since they are mainly considering energy consumptions from electricity and some fuels or certain processes only. The distinction of the energy trilogy model over existing approaches is based on the following: (1) the ET energy model is unprecedented, prepared to fit WWTP energy assessment during the design and rehabilitation phases, (2) links the energy trilogy eliminating the need for using several models or tools, (3) removes the need for on-site expensive energy measurements or audits, (4) offers alternatives for energy optimization during plant\u27s life-cycle, and (5) ensures reliable GHG emissions inventory reporting for permitting and regulatory compliance