Towards Standardization of Millimeter Wave Vehicle-to-Vehicle Networks: Open Challenges and Performance Evaluation

IEEE 802.11bd and 3GPP NR V2X represent the new specifications for next generation vehicular networks, exploiting new communication technologies and new spectrum, such as the millimeter wave (mmWave) band, to improve throughput and reduce latency. In this paper, we specifically focus on the challenges that mmWaves introduce for Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) networking, by reviewing the latest standard developments and the issues that 802.11bd and NR V2X will have to address for V2V operations at mmWaves. To the best of our knowledge, our work is the first that considers a full-stack, end-to-end approach for the design of mmWave V2V networks, discussing open issues that span from the physical to the higher layers, and reporting the results of an end-to-end performance evaluation that highlight the potential of mmWaves for V2V communications.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, 1 tabl

Joint Radar and Communication: A Survey

Joint radar and communication (JRC) technology has become important for civil and military applications for decades. This paper introduces the concepts, characteristics and advantages of JRC technology, presenting the typical applications that have benefited from JRC technology currently and in the future. This paper explores the state-of-the-art of JRC in the levels of coexistence, cooperation, co-design and collaboration. Compared to previous surveys, this paper reviews the entire trends that drive the development of radar sensing and wireless communication using JRC. Specifically, we explore an open research issue on radar and communication operating with mutual benefits based on collaboration, which represents the fourth stage of JRC evolution. This paper provides useful perspectives for future researches of JRC technology

Beam Alignment and Tracking for Autonomous Vehicular Communication using IEEE 802.11ad-based Radar

Mobility scenarios involving short contact times pose a challenge for high bandwidth data transfer between autonomous vehicles and roadside base stations (BS). Millimeter wave bands are a viable solution as they offer enormous bandwidth in the 60GHz band with several Gbps data transfer rates. However, beamforming is used as a default mode in this band, which requires accurate and continuous alignment under relative motion. We propose a method in which an off-the-shelf IEEE 802.11ad WiFi router is configured to serve as the BS as well as a radar exploiting special structure of 802.11ad preamble. We embed the radar functionality within standards-compliant operations that do not modify the core structure of the frames beyond what is defined by the 802.11ad protocol. This not only reduces the beam training time, but also ensures scalability with increasing vehicular traffic because radar allows accurate ranging of up to 0.1m at distances up to 200m. We further analyze the ensuing cost-benefit trade-off between the time allotted to the proposed in-band radar and communication modes. Our results reveal 83% reduction on the overhead incurred during the beam training achieved for a specific simulated vehicular scenario over the classical 802.11ad operation.Comment: 7 page

RadChat: Spectrum Sharing for Automotive Radar Interference Mitigation

In the automotive sector, both radars and wireless communication are susceptible to interference. However, combining the radar and communication systems, i.e., radio frequency (RF) communications and sensing convergence, has the potential to mitigate interference in both systems. This article analyses the mutual interference of spectrally coexistent frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar and communication systems in terms of occurrence probability and impact, and introduces RadChat, a distributed networking protocol for mitigation of interference among FMCW based automotive radars, including self-interference, using radar and communication cooperation. The results show that RadChat can significantly reduce radar mutual interference in single-hop vehicular networks in less than 80 ms

Radio Resource Management in Joint Radar and Communication: A Comprehensive Survey

Joint radar and communication (JRC) has recently attracted substantial attention. The first reason is that JRC allows individual radar and communication systems to share spectrum bands and thus improves the spectrum utilization. The second reason is that JRC enables a single hardware platform, e.g., an autonomous vehicle or a UAV, to simultaneously perform the communication function and the radar function. As a result, JRC is able to improve the efficiency of resources, i.e., spectrum and energy, reduce the system size, and minimize the system cost. However, there are several challenges to be solved for the JRC design. In particular, sharing the spectrum imposes the interference caused by the systems, and sharing the hardware platform and energy resource complicates the design of the JRC transmitter and compromises the performance of each function. To address the challenges, several resource management approaches have been recently proposed, and this paper presents a comprehensive literature review on resource management for JRC. First, we give fundamental concepts of JRC, important performance metrics used in JRC systems, and applications of the JRC systems. Then, we review and analyze resource management approaches, i.e., spectrum sharing, power allocation, and interference management, for JRC. In addition, we present security issues to JRC and provide a discussion of countermeasures to the security issues. Finally, we highlight important challenges in the JRC design and discuss future research directions related to JRC

Doppler-Resilient 802.11ad-Based Ultra-Short Range Automotive Joint Radar-Communications System

We present an ultra-short range IEEE 802.11ad-based automotive joint radar-communications (JRC) framework, wherein we improve the radar's Doppler resilience by incorporating Prouhet-Thue-Morse sequences in the preamble. The proposed processing reveals detailed micro-features of common automotive objects verified through extended scattering center models of animated pedestrian, bicycle, and car targets. Numerical experiments demonstrate $2.5$% reduction in the probability-of-false-alarm at low signal-to-noise-ratios and improvement in the peak-to-sidelobe level dynamic range up to Doppler velocities of $\pm144$ km/hr over conventional 802.11ad JRC.Comment: 12 pages, 14 figures, 2 table

6G V2X Technologies and Orchestrated Sensing for Autonomous Driving

6G technology targets to revolutionize the mobility industry by revamping the role of wireless connections. In this article, we draw out our vision on an intelligent, cooperative, and sustainable mobility environment of the future, discussing how 6G will positively impact mobility services and applications. The scenario in focus is a densely populated area by smart connected entities that are mutually connected over a 6G virtual bus, which enables access to an extensive and always up-to-date set of context-sensitive information. The augmented dataset is functional to let vehicles engage in adaptive and cooperative learning mechanisms, enabling fully automated functionalities with higher communication integrity and reduced risk of accidents while being a sentient and collaborative processing node of the same ecosystem. Smart sensing and communication technologies are discussed herein, and their convergence is devised by the pervasiveness of artificial intelligence in centralized or distributed and federated network architectures.Comment: 9 Pages and 4 figure

Rate Splitting Multiple Access for Joint Communication and Sensing Systems with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

This paper investigates the problem of resource allocation for joint communication and radar sensing system on rate-splitting multiple access (RSMA) based unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) system. UAV simultaneously communicates with multiple users and probes signals to targets of interest to exploit cooperative sensing ability and achieve substantial gains in size, cost and power consumption. By virtue of using linearly precoded rate splitting at the transmitter and successive interference cancellation at the receivers, RSMA is introduced as a promising paradigm to manage interference as well as enhance spectrum and energy efficiency. To maximize the energy efficiency of UAV networks, the deployment location and the beamforming matrix are jointly optimized under the constraints of power budget, transmission rate and approximation error. To solve the formulated non-convex problem efficiently, we decompose it into the UAV deployment subproblem and the beamforming optimization subproblem. Then, we invoke the successive convex approximation and difference-of-convex programming as well as Dinkelbach methods to transform the intractable subproblems into convex ones at each iteration. Next, an alternating algorithm is designed to solve the non-linear and non-convex problem in an efficient manner, while the corresponding complexity is analyzed as well. Finally, simulation results reveal that proposed algorithm with RSMA is superior to orthogonal multiple access and power-domain non-orthogonal multiple access in terms of power consumption and energy efficiency

A Roadmap Towards Resilient Internet of Things for Cyber-Physical Systems

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a ubiquitous system connecting many different devices - the things - which can be accessed from the distance. The cyber-physical systems (CPS) monitor and control the things from the distance. As a result, the concepts of dependability and security get deeply intertwined. The increasing level of dynamicity, heterogeneity, and complexity adds to the system's vulnerability, and challenges its ability to react to faults. This paper summarizes state-of-the-art of existing work on anomaly detection, fault-tolerance and self-healing, and adds a number of other methods applicable to achieve resilience in an IoT. We particularly focus on non-intrusive methods ensuring data integrity in the network. Furthermore, this paper presents the main challenges in building a resilient IoT for CPS which is crucial in the era of smart CPS with enhanced connectivity (an excellent example of such a system is connected autonomous vehicles). It further summarizes our solutions, work-in-progress and future work to this topic to enable "Trustworthy IoT for CPS". Finally, this framework is illustrated on a selected use case: A smart sensor infrastructure in the transport domain.Comment: preprint (2018-10-29

iRDRC: An Intelligent Real-time Dual-functional Radar-Communication System for Automotive Vehicles

This letter introduces an intelligent Real-time Dual-functional Radar-Communication (iRDRC) system for autonomous vehicles (AVs). This system enables an AV to perform both radar and data communications functions to maximize bandwidth utilization as well as significantly enhance safety. In particular, the data communications function allows the AV to transmit data, e.g., of current traffic, to edge computing systems and the radar function is used to enhance the reliability and reduce the collision risks of the AV, e.g., under bad weather conditions. The problem of the iRDRC is to decide when to use the communication mode or the radar mode to maximize the data throughput while minimizing the miss detection probability of unexpected events given the uncertainty of surrounding environment. To solve the problem, we develop a deep reinforcement learning algorithm that allows the AV to quickly obtain the optimal policy without requiring any prior information about the environment. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms baseline schemes in terms of data throughput, miss detection probability, and convergence rate