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Dynamic Pricing, Advanced Metering, and Demand Response in Electricity Markets
Presents an overview and analysis of the possible approaches to bringing an active demand side into electricity markets. Part of a series of research reports that examines energy issues facing California
The Potential of Utilising Residential Demand Response to Balance the Fluctuation of Wind Power in New Zealand
The substantial penetration of wind power introduces increased flexibility requirements on the power system and puts increased pressure on the instantaneous reserve levels required. Instantaneous reserves are a security product that ensures that electricity demand can continue to be met in the event of unplanned generation or transmission interruptions. This reserve must be available to respond very quickly to generation-demand variability. While this is an integral component of the power system, providing instantaneous reserve increases the production cost of power. More calls from energy researchers and stakeholders ask for loads to play an increasingly important role in balancing the short timescale fluctuations in generated wind power. The purpose of this study is to assess the current level of demand responsiveness among domestic refrigerators, freezers, and water heaters and their potential to contribute towards instantaneous reserve and balance the fluctuation of wind. Refrigerators, freezers, and water heaters can generally store energy due to their thermal mass. Interrupting these domestic loads for short time by employing direct load control strategies makes it possible to control these appliances by turning them on or off before their reach their maximum or minimum temperatures or by slightly modifying their temperature set point. Using this strategy helps to ensure that the overall satisfaction of consumers should not be affected. This study first modelled the load profiles of the participated residential appliances and statistically assessed the potential of controlling these residential loads using direct load control strategies to contribute towards instantaneous reserves to mitigate and balance the fluctuation of wind power in the years: 2014, 2020 and 2030. In the second section, it demonstrated the capabilities of the assessed residential responsive loads within Wellington Region network to compensate for and balance the fluctuation of wind power generated from the West Wind Farm in seven selected days in 2013-2014 as a showcase. Such technology can enable a power system operator to remove the burden of both providing instantaneous reserve from conventional sources, and instead maintain such capacity from available residential demand response. The study ends with recommendations to engage residential loads in fast timescale demand response and suggests directions for future research
Multi-energy retail market simulation with autonomous intelligent agents
Tese de doutoramento. Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores. 2005. Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Port
Investigation on electricity market designs enabling demand response and wind generation
Demand Response (DR) comprises some reactions taken by the end-use customers to decrease
or shift the electricity consumption in response to a change in the price of electricity or a
specified incentive payment over time. Wind energy is one of the renewable energies which
has been increasingly used throughout the world. The intermittency and volatility of
renewable energies, wind energy in particular, pose several challenges to Independent
System Operators (ISOs), paving the way to an increasing interest on Demand Response
Programs (DRPs) to cope with those challenges. Hence, this thesis addresses various
electricity market designs enabling DR and Renewable Energy Systems (RESs) simultaneously.
Various types of DRPs are developed in this thesis in a market environment, including
Incentive-Based DR Programs (IBDRPs), Time-Based Rate DR Programs (TBRDRPs) and
combinational DR programs on wind power integration. The uncertainties of wind power
generation are considered through a two-stage Stochastic Programming (SP) model. DRPs are
prioritized according to the ISO’s economic, technical, and environmental needs by means of
the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method. The
impacts of DRPs on price elasticity and customer benefit function are addressed, including
the sensitivities of both DR parameters and wind power scenarios. Finally, a two-stage
stochastic model is applied to solve the problem in a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP)
approach. The proposed model is applied to a modified IEEE test system to demonstrate the
effect of DR in the reduction of operation cost.A Resposta Dinâmica dos Consumidores (DR) compreende algumas reações tomadas por estes
para reduzir ou adiar o consumo de eletricidade, em resposta a uma mudança no preço da
eletricidade, ou a um pagamento/incentivo específico. A energia eólica é uma das energias
renováveis que tem sido cada vez mais utilizada em todo o mundo. A intermitência e a
volatilidade das energias renováveis, em particular da energia eólica, acarretam vários
desafios para os Operadores de Sistema (ISOs), abrindo caminho para um interesse crescente
nos Programas de Resposta Dinâmica dos Consumidores (DRPs) para lidar com esses desafios.
Assim, esta tese aborda os mercados de eletricidade com DR e sistemas de energia renovável
(RES) simultaneamente. Vários tipos de DRPs são desenvolvidos nesta tese em ambiente de
mercado, incluindo Programas de DR baseados em incentivos (IBDRPs), taxas baseadas no
tempo (TBRDRPs) e programas combinados (TBRDRPs) na integração de energia eólica. As
incertezas associadas à geração eólica são consideradas através de um modelo de
programação estocástica (SP) de dois estágios. Os DRPs são priorizados de acordo com as
necessidades económicas, técnicas e ambientais do ISO por meio da técnica para ordem de
preferência por similaridade com a solução ideal (TOPSIS). Os impactes dos DRPs na
elasticidade do preço e na função de benefício ao cliente são abordados, incluindo as
sensibilidades dos parâmetros de DR e dos cenários de potência eólica. Finalmente, um
modelo estocástico de dois estágios é aplicado para resolver o problema numa abordagem de
programação linear inteira mista (MILP). O modelo proposto é testado num sistema IEEE
modificado para demonstrar o efeito da DR na redução do custo de operação
New actor types in electricity market simulation models: Deliverable D4.4
Project TradeRES - New Markets Design & Models for 100% Renewable Power Systems: https://traderes.eu/about/ABSTRACT: The modelling of agents in the simulation models and tools is of primary importance if the quality and the validity of the simulation outcomes are at stake. This is the first version of the report that deals with the representation of electricity market actors’ in the agent based models (ABMs) used in TradeRES project. With the AMIRIS, the EMLab-Generation (EMLab), the MASCEM and the RESTrade models being in the centre of the analysis, the subject matter of this report has been the identification of the actors’ characteristics that are
already covered by the initial (with respect to the project) version of the models and the presentation of the foreseen modelling enhancements. For serving these goals, agent attributes and representation methods, as found in the literature of agent-driven models, are considered initially. The detailed review of such aspects offers the necessary background and supports the formation of a context that facilitates the mapping of actors’ characteristics to agent modelling approaches. Emphasis is given in several approaches and technics found in the literature for the development of a broader environment, on which part of the later analysis is deployed. Although the ABMs that are used in the project constitute an important part of the literature, they have not been
included in the review since they are the subject of another section.N/
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