Review of trends and targets of complex systems for power system optimization

Optimization systems (OSs) allow operators of electrical power systems (PS) to optimally operate PSs and to also create optimal PS development plans. The inclusion of OSs in the PS is a big trend nowadays, and the demand for PS optimization tools and PS-OSs experts is growing. The aim of this review is to define the current dynamics and trends in PS optimization research and to present several papers that clearly and comprehensively describe PS OSs with characteristics corresponding to the identified current main trends in this research area. The current dynamics and trends of the research area were defined on the basis of the results of an analysis of the database of 255 PS-OS-presenting papers published from December 2015 to July 2019. Eleven main characteristics of the current PS OSs were identified. The results of the statistical analyses give four characteristics of PS OSs which are currently the most frequently presented in research papers: OSs for minimizing the price of electricity/OSs reducing PS operation costs, OSs for optimizing the operation of renewable energy sources, OSs for regulating the power consumption during the optimization process, and OSs for regulating the energy storage systems operation during the optimization process. Finally, individual identified characteristics of the current PS OSs are briefly described. In the analysis, all PS OSs presented in the observed time period were analyzed regardless of the part of the PS for which the operation was optimized by the PS OS, the voltage level of the optimized PS part, or the optimization goal of the PS OS.Web of Science135art. no. 107

Stochastic-Risk Based Approach for Microgrid Participation in Joint Active, Reactive, and Ancillary Services Markets Considering Demand Response

In the restructured power systems, renewable energy sources (RES) have been developed. Uncertainties of these generators reduce the reliability and stability of power systems. The frequency and voltage for the correct operation of the power systems must always be maintained within a nominal value. Ancillary services (AS), energy storage systems (ESS), and demand response programs (DRPs) can be effective solutions for mentioned problems. Microgrids (MG) can make an improvement in their profits and efficiency by participating in various markets. This paper provides an optimal scheduling for the simultaneous participation of MGs in coupled active, reactive power and AS markets (regulation, spinning reserve and non-spinning reserve) by considering ESS, DRPs, call for deploying AS, and the uncertainties of wind and solar productions. Capability diagrams; mathematical equations are used to model active and reactive power of generation units. Risk management in this paper is done by the conditional value at risk (CVaR) method and probability distribution functions (PDF) are used for modeling uncertainties of wind speed and solar radiation. The ERCOT (Electric Reliability Council of Texas) market is simulated with real world data.©2022 the Authors, published by IEEE. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed

A Review of Energy Management Systems and Organizational Structures of Prosumers

Thisreviewprovidesthestateoftheartofenergymanagementsystems(EMS)and organizationalstructuresofprosumers.Integrationofrenewableenergysources(RES)intothe householdbringsnewchallengesinoptimaloperation,powerquality,participationintheelectricity marketandpowersystemstability.AcommonsolutiontothesechallengesistodevelopanEMSwith differentprosumerorganizationalstructures.EMSdevelopmentisamultidisciplinaryprocessthat needstoinvolveseveralaspectsofobservation.Thispaperprovidesanoverviewoftheprosumer organizationalandcontrolstructures,typesandelements,predictionmethodsofinputparameters, optimizationframeworks,optimizationmethods,objectivefunctions,constraintsandthemarket environment.Specialattentionisgiventotheoptimizationframeworkandpredictionofinput parameters,whichrepresentsroomforimprovement,thatmitigatetheimpactofuncertainties associatedwithRES-basedgeneration,consumptionandmarketpricesonoptimaloperation.Peer ReviewedObjectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::7 - Energia Assequible i No Contaminant::7.2 - Per a 2030, augmentar substancialment el percentatge d’energia renovable en el con­junt de fonts d’energiaObjectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::7 - Energia Assequible i No Contaminant::7.a - Per a 2030, augmentar la cooperació internacional per tal de facilitar l’accés a la investigació i a les tecnolo­gies energètiques no contaminants, incloses les fonts d’energia renovables, l’eficiència energètica i les tecnologies de combustibles fòssils avançades i menys contaminants, i promoure la inversió en infraestructures energètiques i tecnologies d’energia no contaminantObjectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::7 - Energia Assequible i No ContaminantPostprint (published version

Scheduling of battery energy storages in the joint energy and reserve markets based on the static frequency of power system

By using the battery energy storage (BES) as a fast, reliable, and controllable resource, the system operator can compensate for power mismatches via changing the generation and consumption in discharging and charging modes. However, BES could decrease the inertia of the grid and endanger the security of the system. Therefore, system operators require a scheduling model that takes into account both security and economic issues. This paper presents a linear model for the optimal scheduling of synchronous generators and BESs in the joint energy and reserve markets, based on the constraints of primary and secondary frequency services. In the proposed model, the technical limitations of synchronous generators and BESs, the frequency limitation of the grid, rate of change of frequency (RoCoF) of generators, and the RoCoF of the grid are considered as constraints of the optimization problem. Accordingly, the optimal scheduling of the resources is determined in a way that ensures the security criteria of the system are not violated after the contingency. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is demonstrated by four case studies. Simulation results show that increasing the battery capacity by 4.68% of the total capacity of the system reduces the total frequency reserves, and total costs of the system by 13.21 and 2.96%, respectively. Consequently, system operators can reduce total operating costs and provide adequate security by deploying BESs.The present work has received funding from the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) through the Northern Regional Operational Program, under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement and the terms of the NORTE-45–2020–75 call - Support System for Scientific and Technological Research - "Structured R&D&I Projects" - Horizon Europe, within project RETINA (NORTE 01-0145-FEDER-000062), and CEEC IND/02887/2017. We also acknowledge the work facilities and equipment provided by GECAD research center (UIDB/00760/2020) to the project team.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Transforming Energy Networks via Peer to Peer Energy Trading: Potential of Game Theoretic Approaches

Peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading has emerged as a next-generation energy management mechanism for the smart grid that enables each prosumer of the network to participate in energy trading with one another and the grid. This poses a significant challenge in terms of modeling the decision-making process of each participant with conflicting interest and motivating prosumers to participate in energy trading and to cooperate, if necessary, for achieving different energy management goals. Therefore, such decision-making process needs to be built on solid mathematical and signal processing tools that can ensure an efficient operation of the smart grid. This paper provides an overview of the use of game theoretic approaches for P2P energy trading as a feasible and effective means of energy management. As such, we discuss various games and auction theoretic approaches by following a systematic classification to provide information on the importance of game theory for smart energy research. Then, the paper focuses on the P2P energy trading describing its key features and giving an introduction to an existing P2P testbed. Further, the paper zooms into the detail of some specific game and auction theoretic models that have recently been used in P2P energy trading and discusses some important finding of these schemes.Comment: 38 pages, single column, double spac

Control and Communication Protocols that Enable Smart Building Microgrids

Recent communication, computation, and technology advances coupled with climate change concerns have transformed the near future prospects of electricity transmission, and, more notably, distribution systems and microgrids. Distributed resources (wind and solar generation, combined heat and power) and flexible loads (storage, computing, EV, HVAC) make it imperative to increase investment and improve operational efficiency. Commercial and residential buildings, being the largest energy consumption group among flexible loads in microgrids, have the largest potential and flexibility to provide demand side management. Recent advances in networked systems and the anticipated breakthroughs of the Internet of Things will enable significant advances in demand response capabilities of intelligent load network of power-consuming devices such as HVAC components, water heaters, and buildings. In this paper, a new operating framework, called packetized direct load control (PDLC), is proposed based on the notion of quantization of energy demand. This control protocol is built on top of two communication protocols that carry either complete or binary information regarding the operation status of the appliances. We discuss the optimal demand side operation for both protocols and analytically derive the performance differences between the protocols. We propose an optimal reservation strategy for traditional and renewable energy for the PDLC in both day-ahead and real time markets. In the end we discuss the fundamental trade-off between achieving controllability and endowing flexibility

Chance-constrained Calculation of the Reserve Service Provided by EV Charging Station Clusters in Energy Communities

The concept of energy community is currently under investigation as it is considered central into the energy transition process. One of the main aspects of the successful implementation of community lays in the energy management system that coordinates exchanges among prosumers. This paper deals with the optimal energy management of a local energy community of dc microgrids with electric vehicle charging stations, considering local reserve provided by storage units and vehicle batteries. A two-stage optimal procedure is proposed to assess the optimal scheduling of resources for each community participant. Additionally, the optimal up and down reserve levels able to cover random fluctuations in photovoltaic generation within each EV-based microgrid are determined by a set of specific chance constraints