Riverine sustainment 2012

Student Integrated ProjectIncludes supplementary materialThis technical report analyzed the Navy's proposed Riverine Force (RF) structure and capabilities for 2012. The Riverine Sustainment 2012 Team (RST) examined the cost and performance of systems of systems which increased RF sustainment in logistically barren environments. RF sustainment was decomposed into its functional areas of supply, repair, and force protection. The functional and physical architectures were developed in parallel and were used to construct an operational architecture for the RF. The RST used mathematical, agent-based and queuing models to analyze various supply, repair and force protection system alternatives. Extraction of modeling data revealed several key insights. Waterborne heavy lift connectors such as the LCU-2000 are vital in the re-supply of the RF when it is operating up river in a non-permissive environment. Airborne heavy lift connectors such as the MV-22 were ineffective and dominated by the waterborne variants in the same environment. Increase in manpower and facilities did appreciable add to the operational availability of the RF. Mean supply response time was the biggest factor effecting operational availability and should be kept below 24 hours to maintain operational availability rates above 80%. Current mortar defenses proposed by the RF are insufficient.N

Southern Accent September 1994 - April 1995

Southern Adventist University\u27s newspaper, Southern Accent, for the academic year of 1994-1995.https://knowledge.e.southern.edu/southern_accent/1070/thumbnail.jp

Multimodal, intermodal and terminals

The chapter looks at rail freight terminals, rail--sea interfaces, in particular, as part of a multimodal, or integrated transportation network. Terminals are key infrastructure for linking individual transport modes and governing and managing their interchange in a manner that creates a seamless and sustainable transportation system. Therefore, their performance is critical for maximising transport efficiency and modes integration. This chapter focused on how to measure the operational performance of rail freight terminals in a framework of integrated transportation network. In an increasingly competitive and commercialised world, there is an increasing demand to be able to rank transport options and routes in some way. Drawing on new material, this talk attempts to outline possible methods for how to measure the performance of rail terminals. It focuses on the identification of suitable methods to assess performance by key indicators. Intermodality demands for going beyond safeguarding the individual modes to ensuring the security of the intermodal inter-faces (terminals), the nodes that link and integrate passenger and freight flows. That demands for an integrated holistic approach built on the collaboration between international, national organisations and operators. The study put emphasis on the security challenges and threats to freight transport generally and in rail-sea interfaces more specifically. It moves onto the regulations already governing security in rail-sea interfaces. Finally, it focus on the role that infrastructure planning can play in improving security and offer some conclusions and recommendations for the futur

Optimization of yard operations in container terminals from an energy efficiency approach

This Thesis addresses common operational issues related to maritime container terminals. In the last decades, containerization of maritime transportation has grown very rapidly, forcing terminal operators to cope with unprecedented volumes of containers in a continuous manner. As a consequence, terminal efficiency is always a critical factor. In the near future, operators are also expected to face increasing operational costs deriving firstly from the energy crisis and secondly from new regulations enforcing ports to become more environmentally friendly. As a consequence, operational inefficiencies deriving from periods of congestion require innovative solutions and optimization techniques to improve the efficiency and productivity in the terminal yard. This Thesis addresses such problems by introducing an electric energy consumption model that characterizes energy expenditure of yard cranes. For each gantry, trolley and hoist movement of the cranes, the model takes into account the different resistances that must be overcome during the acceleration, constant speed and deceleration phases of each movement. The energy consumption model is coupled to two different discrete event simulation models of one parallel and one perpendicular container terminals, with the goal to analyze the handling operations and optimize energy efficiency and productivity. One additional innovative aspect of the works is that they include the effect of the volume of container traffic in the analysis with the aim to assess differences in the performance of the algorithms under a range of realistic scenarios, which is usually neglected in similar studies. Finally, in addition to stacking and retrieval operations, the works also introduce housekeeping operation, which are common in the real world but often disregarded in the literature. Such operations are relevant as they may be critical in terms of achieving good productivity, but on the other hand they amount for a significant portion of the overall energy consumption. In particular, the works of the Thesis deal have four particular objectives: (1) providing such flexible and customizable numerical models of discrete event type to simulate and analyze parallel and perpendicular terminals, (2) proposing a new stacking algorithm to reduce energy expenditure and improve automatic stacking crane productivity in perpendicular terminals; (3) optimizing the dimensions of a perpendicular layout; and (4) analyzing the distribution of containers in the yard layout as a function of the moment at which space for export containers is reserved while looking at the operational costs. In the first place, results show the models are capable of characterizing in detail the energy consumption associated to crane movements in both parallel and perpendicular terminals. With respect to perpendicular terminals, the proposed stacking algorithm is capable of improving the energy efficiency up to around 20% while achieving greater productivity at the same time. In addition, results show that the dimensions of a perpendicular terminal block can be optimized so as to improve the productivity; with respect to energy consumption, although a smaller block induces lesser electrical consumption, the random nature of housekeeping operations produce a significant degree of distortion in the results, revealing that such operations constitute a promising flied for future research. Finally, considering parallel terminals, a greater degree of clustering is observed as the reservation is made earlier. When considering the associated operational costs associated to yard cranes and yard trucks, greater clustering results in more efficient use of the energy, and therefore reservation may be desirable when possible to enhance terminal productivity.Esta Tesis aborda temas operativos comunes relacionados con terminales marítimas de contenedores. En las últimas décadas, la contenerización del transporte marítimo ha crecido exponencialmente, obligando a los operadores a hacer frente a volúmenes de contenedores sin precedentes de manera continuada. Como consecuencia, la eficiencia de las operaciones es siempre un factor crítico. En un futuro próximo, los operadores también deberán afrontar crecientes costes operativos derivados de la crisis energética, y también de nuevas regulaciones que obligan a los puertos a volverse más respetuosos con el medio ambiente. Por estos motivos, las ineficiencias operativas derivadas de períodos de congestión requieren soluciones innovadoras y técnicas de optimización para mejorar la eficiencia y productividad en los patios de contenedores. Esta tesis aborda estos problemas introduciendo un modelo de consumo de energía eléctrica que caracteriza el gasto de las grúas de patio. Para cada movimiento de "gantry", "hoist" y "spreader", el modelo tiene en cuenta las diferentes resistencias que deben superarse durante las fases de aceleración, velocidad constante y deceleración del movimiento. El modelo de consumo de energía se ha acoplado a dos modelos de simulación de eventos discretos de terminales de contenedores, una paralela y otra perpendicular, con el objetivo de analizar las operaciones de manipulación y optimizar la eficiencia energética y la productividad. Otro aspecto innovador de este trabajo es que analiza el efecto del volumen de tráfico de contenedores con el objetivo de evaluar el comportamiento de los algoritmos bajo un rango de escenarios realistas, lo que generalmente no se tiene en cuenta en estudios similares. Por último, además de las operaciones de apilamiento y salida de contenedores, la tesis también considera las operaciones de reordenamiento del patio, muy comunes en el mundo real, pero que a menudo no se tienen en cuenta en la literatura. Tales operaciones pueden ser críticas para lograr una buena productividad, pero por otra parte representan una parte importante del consumo total de energía. En particular, los trabajos desarrollados en esta Tesis tienen cuatro objetivos concretos: (1) proporcionar modelos numéricos flexibles y configurables de tipo eventos discretos para simular y analizar terminales paralelas y perpendiculares, (2) proponer un nuevo algoritmo de apilamiento para reducir el gasto de energía y mejorar la productividad de la grúa automático en terminales perpendiculares; (3) optimizar las dimensiones de un bloque de una terminal perpendicular; y (4) analizar la distribución de los contenedores en la disposición del patio en función del momento en que se reserva el espacio para los contenedores de exportación. Los resultados muestran que, en primer lugar, los modelos son capaces de caracterizar en detalle el consumo de energía asociado a los movimientos de las grúas en ambos tipos de terminales. Con respecto a las terminales perpendiculares, el algoritmo de apilado propuesto es capaz de mejorar la eficiencia energética hasta aproximadamente un 20%, al tiempo que se consigue una mayor productividad. Además, los resultados muestran que las dimensiones de un bloque perpendicular pueden optimizarse para mejorar la productividad; con respecto al consumo de energía, aunque un bloque más pequeño induce un menor consumo eléctrico, la naturaleza aleatoria de las operaciones de reordenación inducen un grado significativo de distorsión en los resultados, indicando que tales operaciones pueden ser objeto de futura investigación. Por último, respecto a las terminales paralelas, a medida que se adelanta la reserva de espacio los contenedores presentan un mayor grado de agrupación, lo que redunda en un uso más eficeficiente de la energía debido a los menores costos operacionales asociados a grúas y camiones de patio, por lo que la reserva puede ser aconsejable cuando sea posible para mejorar la productividad del termina

Balancing the Tides: Marine Practices in American Sāmoa

'Balancing the Tides' highlights the influence of marine practices and policies in the unincorporated territory of American Sāmoa on the local indigenous group, the American fishing industry, international seafood consumption, U.S. environmental programs, as well as global ecological and native concerns. Poblete explains how U.S. federal fishing programs in the post–World War II period encouraged labor based out of American Sāmoa to catch and can one-third of all tuna for United States consumption until 2009. Labeled “Made in the USA,” this commodity was sometimes caught by non-U.S. regulated ships, produced under labor standards far below continental U.S. minimum wage and maximum work hours, and entered U.S. jurisdiction tax free. The second half of the book explores the tensions between indigenous and U.S. federal government environmental goals and ecology programs. Whether creating the largest National Marine Sanctuary under U.S. jurisdiction or collecting basic data on local fishing, initiatives that balanced western-based and native expectations for respectful community relationships and appropriate government programs fared better than those that did not acknowledge the positionality of all groups involved. Despite being under the direct authority of the United States, American Sāmoans have maintained a degree of local autonomy due to the Deeds of Cession signed with the U.S. Navy at the turn of the twentieth century that created shared indigenous and federal governance in the region. Balancing the Tides demonstrates how western-style economics, policy-making, and knowledge building imposed by the U.S. federal government have been infused into the daily lives of American Sāmoans. American colonial efforts to protect natural resources based on western approaches intersect with indigenous insistence on adhering to customary principles of respect, reciprocity, and native rights in complicated ways. Experiences and lessons learned from these case studies provide insight into other tensions between colonial governments and indigenous peoples engaging in environmental and marine-based policy-making across the Pacific and the globe. This study connects the U.S.-American Sāmoa colonial relationship to global overfishing, world consumption patterns, the for-profit fishing industry, international environmental movements and studies, as well as native experiences and indigenous rights. Open Access publication of this book was made possible by the Sustainable History Monograph Pilot, an initiative sponsored by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation.Open Access publication of this book was made possible by the Sustainable History Monograph Pilot, an initiative sponsored by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation

Balancing the Tides

"Balancing the Tides highlights the influence of marine practices and policies in the unincorporated territory of American Samoa on the local indigenous group, the American fishing industry, international seafood consumption, U.S. environmental programs, as well as global ecological and native concerns. Poblete explains how U.S. federal fishing programs in the post–World War II period encouraged labor based out of American Samoa to catch and can one-third of all tuna for United States consumption until 2009. Labeled Made in the USA, this commodity was sometimes caught by non-U.S. regulated ships, produced under labor standards far below continental U.S. minimum wage and maximum work hours, and entered U.S. jurisdiction tax free. The second half of the book explores the tensions between indigenous and U.S. federal government environmental goals and ecology programs. Whether creating the largest National Marine Sanctuary under U.S. jurisdiction or collecting basic data on local fishing, initiatives that balanced western-based and native expectations for respectful community relationships and appropriate government programs fared better than those that did not acknowledge the positionality of all groups involved. Despite being under the direct authority of the United States, American S?moans have maintained a degree of local autonomy due to the Deeds of Cession signed with the U.S. Navy at the turn of the twentieth century that created shared indigenous and federal governance in the region. Balancing the Tides demonstrates how western-style economics, policy-making, and knowledge building imposed by the U.S. federal government have been infused into the daily lives of American S?moans. American colonial efforts to protect natural resources based on western approaches intersect with indigenous insistence on adhering to customary principles of respect, reciprocity, and native rights in complicated ways. Experiences and lessons learned from these case studies provide insight into other tensions between colonial governments and indigenous peoples engaging in environmental and marine-based policy-making across the Pacific and the globe. This study connects the U.S.-American S?moa colonial relationship to global overfishing, world consumption patterns, the for-profit fishing industry, international environmental movements and studies, as well as native experiences and indigenous rights. Open Access publication of this book was made possible by the Sustainable History Monograph Pilot, an initiative sponsored by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation.

Optimization of yard operations in container terminals from an energy efficiency approach

Pla de Doctorat Industrial de la Generalitat de CatalunyaThis Thesis addresses common operational issues related to maritime container terminals. In the last decades, containerization of maritime transportation has grown very rapidly, forcing terminal operators to cope with unprecedented volumes of containers in a continuous manner. As a consequence, terminal efficiency is always a critical factor. In the near future, operators are also expected to face increasing operational costs deriving firstly from the energy crisis and secondly from new regulations enforcing ports to become more environmentally friendly. As a consequence, operational inefficiencies deriving from periods of congestion require innovative solutions and optimization techniques to improve the efficiency and productivity in the terminal yard. This Thesis addresses such problems by introducing an electric energy consumption model that characterizes energy expenditure of yard cranes. For each gantry, trolley and hoist movement of the cranes, the model takes into account the different resistances that must be overcome during the acceleration, constant speed and deceleration phases of each movement. The energy consumption model is coupled to two different discrete event simulation models of one parallel and one perpendicular container terminals, with the goal to analyze the handling operations and optimize energy efficiency and productivity. One additional innovative aspect of the works is that they include the effect of the volume of container traffic in the analysis with the aim to assess differences in the performance of the algorithms under a range of realistic scenarios, which is usually neglected in similar studies. Finally, in addition to stacking and retrieval operations, the works also introduce housekeeping operation, which are common in the real world but often disregarded in the literature. Such operations are relevant as they may be critical in terms of achieving good productivity, but on the other hand they amount for a significant portion of the overall energy consumption. In particular, the works of the Thesis deal have four particular objectives: (1) providing such flexible and customizable numerical models of discrete event type to simulate and analyze parallel and perpendicular terminals, (2) proposing a new stacking algorithm to reduce energy expenditure and improve automatic stacking crane productivity in perpendicular terminals; (3) optimizing the dimensions of a perpendicular layout; and (4) analyzing the distribution of containers in the yard layout as a function of the moment at which space for export containers is reserved while looking at the operational costs. In the first place, results show the models are capable of characterizing in detail the energy consumption associated to crane movements in both parallel and perpendicular terminals. With respect to perpendicular terminals, the proposed stacking algorithm is capable of improving the energy efficiency up to around 20% while achieving greater productivity at the same time. In addition, results show that the dimensions of a perpendicular terminal block can be optimized so as to improve the productivity; with respect to energy consumption, although a smaller block induces lesser electrical consumption, the random nature of housekeeping operations produce a significant degree of distortion in the results, revealing that such operations constitute a promising flied for future research. Finally, considering parallel terminals, a greater degree of clustering is observed as the reservation is made earlier. When considering the associated operational costs associated to yard cranes and yard trucks, greater clustering results in more efficient use of the energy, and therefore reservation may be desirable when possible to enhance terminal productivity.Esta Tesis aborda temas operativos comunes relacionados con terminales marítimas de contenedores. En las últimas décadas, la contenerización del transporte marítimo ha crecido exponencialmente, obligando a los operadores a hacer frente a volúmenes de contenedores sin precedentes de manera continuada. Como consecuencia, la eficiencia de las operaciones es siempre un factor crítico. En un futuro próximo, los operadores también deberán afrontar crecientes costes operativos derivados de la crisis energética, y también de nuevas regulaciones que obligan a los puertos a volverse más respetuosos con el medio ambiente. Por estos motivos, las ineficiencias operativas derivadas de períodos de congestión requieren soluciones innovadoras y técnicas de optimización para mejorar la eficiencia y productividad en los patios de contenedores. Esta tesis aborda estos problemas introduciendo un modelo de consumo de energía eléctrica que caracteriza el gasto de las grúas de patio. Para cada movimiento de "gantry", "hoist" y "spreader", el modelo tiene en cuenta las diferentes resistencias que deben superarse durante las fases de aceleración, velocidad constante y deceleración del movimiento. El modelo de consumo de energía se ha acoplado a dos modelos de simulación de eventos discretos de terminales de contenedores, una paralela y otra perpendicular, con el objetivo de analizar las operaciones de manipulación y optimizar la eficiencia energética y la productividad. Otro aspecto innovador de este trabajo es que analiza el efecto del volumen de tráfico de contenedores con el objetivo de evaluar el comportamiento de los algoritmos bajo un rango de escenarios realistas, lo que generalmente no se tiene en cuenta en estudios similares. Por último, además de las operaciones de apilamiento y salida de contenedores, la tesis también considera las operaciones de reordenamiento del patio, muy comunes en el mundo real, pero que a menudo no se tienen en cuenta en la literatura. Tales operaciones pueden ser críticas para lograr una buena productividad, pero por otra parte representan una parte importante del consumo total de energía. En particular, los trabajos desarrollados en esta Tesis tienen cuatro objetivos concretos: (1) proporcionar modelos numéricos flexibles y configurables de tipo eventos discretos para simular y analizar terminales paralelas y perpendiculares, (2) proponer un nuevo algoritmo de apilamiento para reducir el gasto de energía y mejorar la productividad de la grúa automático en terminales perpendiculares; (3) optimizar las dimensiones de un bloque de una terminal perpendicular; y (4) analizar la distribución de los contenedores en la disposición del patio en función del momento en que se reserva el espacio para los contenedores de exportación. Los resultados muestran que, en primer lugar, los modelos son capaces de caracterizar en detalle el consumo de energía asociado a los movimientos de las grúas en ambos tipos de terminales. Con respecto a las terminales perpendiculares, el algoritmo de apilado propuesto es capaz de mejorar la eficiencia energética hasta aproximadamente un 20%, al tiempo que se consigue una mayor productividad. Además, los resultados muestran que las dimensiones de un bloque perpendicular pueden optimizarse para mejorar la productividad; con respecto al consumo de energía, aunque un bloque más pequeño induce un menor consumo eléctrico, la naturaleza aleatoria de las operaciones de reordenación inducen un grado significativo de distorsión en los resultados, indicando que tales operaciones pueden ser objeto de futura investigación. Por último, respecto a las terminales paralelas, a medida que se adelanta la reserva de espacio los contenedores presentan un mayor grado de agrupación, lo que redunda en un uso más eficeficiente de la energía debido a los menores costos operacionales asociados a grúas y camiones de patio, por lo que la reserva puede ser aconsejable cuando sea posible para mejorar la productividad del terminalPostprint (published version

Skills development and employment creation through small public buildings in South Africa

Poverty and unemployment are extremely high in South Africa, especially in rural areas where there are low levels of infrastructure. The government has begun to address this in the field of civil engineering; however this has not extended into the field of building, which is assumed to be inherently employment-intensive. This thesis challenges the perception that expenditure on building will automatically generate substantial employment. Because labour ratios are not known, targets are merely guesswork. The research question is therefore posed: What are the parameters within which a significant increase in employment can be generated through the design and construction of small public buildings? The focus is on small public buildings because government should serve as exemplar to the private sector; absorb the risk of innovation; is instigator and end user of public buildings; and can adopt a programme approach. Training, small business development and environmental best practice can be integrated. Schools are specifically considered, as they require skills that participants can use in subsequent projects. Employment-intensive principles are derived from civil engineering. Examples of schools that use different methods and materials are analysed to answer the question: ‘How labour-intensive is building?’ This shows the range of labourintensity of different activities and defines the components that would lead to a significant increase in employment. The structural-spatial envelope of the building is the subject of a technical study of thin shell vaults of stabilized earth tiles manufactured on site to achieve a high proportion of the project cost within the target community without compromising cost or performance. iv Supply Chain management is explored as a way of ensuring productivity where low levels of formal skills and education prevail. This is proposed for nurturing small contractors, manufacturers and suppliers, themselves creators of jobs for the less skilled. The most significant conclusion is that there is considerable potential for building to create employment, providing it is based on comprehensive data relating to all activities. The proposed framework for the integration of management; design, detailing and specification; construction and manufacturing processes forms the basis for future research to broaden the field of applicatio