576 research outputs found

    Közigazgatási és Infokommunikációs Jogi PhD Tanulmányok 4.

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    Generativity and Aspirational Dignity in Old Age - The Engagement of Older People for Younger People among Elite Professionals in Delhi and other Indian Cities

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    The dissertation titled, “Generativity and Aspirational Dignity in Old Age – Engagement of Older People for Younger People among Elite Professionals in Delhi and other Indian Cities” is an empirical study that seeks to study occupational and personal potential of older people who chose to work after retirement. The study explores the questions on the extent to which the elderly can use their expertise and personal strengths in intergenerational relations, the extent to which elderly are actively involved in work post-retirement, the interest of the elderly in such an engagement and the importance of this commitment for the individual's emotional condition. The study also examines how far older people in the commitment described here see an opportunity to realize their personal criteria of a good life. The theoretical framework of the study takes into consideration the fundamental and pertinent concepts of ageism, generativity, ageing with dignity, respect and social inclusion, cultural values and attitudes, health and wellbeing, meaningful involvement and productive ageing. In this study ‘Generativity’ theory of human development stages by Erikson (1950/1963), by McAdams and de. St. Aubin (1992) and dignity of older people by Nordenfelt (2003) have been adopted to explain the meaningful engagement of older people in work environment in the changing intergenerational relations in urban Indian societies. The research design chosen for the study is “descriptive” as it involves quantitative data and qualitative data. The composites of independent variables in the form of scales are used to learn Generativity using Loyola Generativity Scale (LGS) and Well-being using Ryff’s Scale. Indepth interviews are conducted to understand respondents’ and employers’ perspectives and views. The study is based on the responses of 83 retired professionals who took up second inning and 14 select employers. The respondents were selected based on identified criteria and the supposition that they possess the required knowledge and experience and they will be able to provide information that is both detailed (depth) and generalizable (breadth) on motives for engagement in job post retirement. Also, who would make first cautious statements about possible influences of individual personality characteristics on this engagement. The samples were selected from services, public and industry sectors including startups from different zones in India. The sample was also designed keeping in mind socio-demographic factors (extrinsic factors) and to represent the industrial, service and the public sectors. The purposive sampling method is deployed to help reach the target group. The interviews were conducted in person or on phone. The data is collected from the field and the analysis is based on the field data. The quantitative data relates to the study of generativity and well-being of the sampling units, both individually and on an average basis. Data is analysed from the responses of the Ryff’s Scale and The Loyola Generativity Scale. The overall score from the Ryff’s Scale is a measure of well being and that from the Loyola Generativity Scale is a measure of generativity. In order to create composite index scores different questions are added together and the scores compared across respondents in order to assess their overall performance. The scores can be interpreted as High Scores and Low Scores. The qualitative data is collected through in-depth interviews, which were conducted to explore respondents’ perspective and views vis a vis the research questions. The questions revolved on the themes of Generativity and wellbeing. The participants were observed during the interview and field notes taken. In the research study selective employers were interviewed in depth in order to understand their perspective and to provide information on possible support of the elderly in new workplace. In addition, information about the assessment of this support by the employers was also collected qualitatively. The employers were categorized into two categories, those who hired the retired elderly and those elderly who were the business owners. The result based on responses of the employers elicited that the employers perceived certain qualities of elderly positively, while some qualities negatively vis-à-vis productivity and relations with co-workers. Across sectors there doesn’t exist any policy for hiring the retired. Individuals retiring from influential posts with strong networks are headhunted and mid-performers are hired through references. For the analysis of generativity, the respondents, based on the mean scores were divided into two groups, namely high performers (those who scored equal to or above the Mean score on LGS) and low performers (those who scored below the Mean score on LGS). The scores were substantiated with the qualitative findings from in-depth interviews and the scaled statements described. The interview responses and LGS scores threw light on commonalities among various groups of respondents, their distinct characteristics and at the same time highlighted issues and challenges. The results indicated that elderly feel responsible for the young generation and that generativity at work has several relationships while the low scoring respondents faced issues with relationships at work. Statistically, the results showed that average scores of low and high scoring respondents significantly differ in overall LGS score and its subcategories. Each subcategory is significantly associated with each other which shows that improvement in one category can lead to improvement in other category. But Job type doesn’t have a significant effect on average LGS score. The qualitative data on wellbeing was collected with the help of in-depth interviews based on the objectives and quantitative data was collected from the responses using Ryff’s Scale. Based on the Mean scores, the respondents under each subcategory were divided into two groups, namely high performers (those who scored equal to or above the Mean score on Ryff’s Scale) and low performers (those who scored below the Mean score on Ryff’s Scale). In-depth interviews were taken and the Ryff’s Scale scores and interview responses threw light on commonalities among various groups of respondents, their distinct characteristics and at the same time highlighted issues and challenges. The results also showed that wellbeing at workplace meant more than working and performing. Dignity was found to be important to the retired rehired and it was seen as a multidimensional notion while the low scoring respondents faced unfavourable work conditions. Statistically, the results showed that average scores of low and high scoring respondents significantly differ in overall Ryff’s Scale score and its subcategories. Each subcategory is significantly associated with each other which shows that improvement in one category can lead to improvement in other category. But Job type doesn’t have a significant effect on average Ryff’s Scale score. Further, it was found the respondents with high performance or scores in Personal Growth and Autonomy have a better chance to perform well in Generativity, whereas the high scoring respondents in Self-Acceptance and Positive Relations too have a chance to perform well with two subcategories of LGS. Same holds for high scorers in Purpose in Life who stand a chance to perform well on one subcategory of LGS. For qualitative data analysis, the Ideal typical grouping technique conceptualised and methodology developed by Uta Gerhardt (1994) is used. The study deals with the three objectives; to understand the extent to which elderly people in India have an opportunity to use their expertise and personal strengths in intergenerational relations; to examine the extent to which elderly people are actively involved in the reemployment/second innings, the interest of the elderly in such an engagement and the importance of this commitment, above all, for the individual’s emotional condition and; to what extent older people in the commitment described here see as opportunity to realize their personal criteria of good life. It emerged that five ideal typical groups may be identified based on similarity in psychological wellbeing, generativity, psychological characteristics and sociodemographic factors. And factors such as past professional life, age, organizational support, personal resources, circumstantial second innings and past unfulfilled professional lives are important determinants. The analysis, however does not represent the whole population of elderly in India. Rather, this study represents the experiences of relatively privileged elderly. Overall, the result confirms that our Hypothesis is met. The result confirms that the high scoring elderly in India avail opportunity to use their expertise and personal strengths in intergenerational relations. The high scoring elderly are actively involved in the reemployment, they have interest in such an engagement and this commitment is important for their emotional condition. The high scoring elderly in the commitment see this opportunity to realize their personal criteria of good life. The low scoring elderly don’t avail opportunity fully to use their expertise and personal strengths in intergenerational relations and they are not performing well in terms of active involvement in reemployment/second innings, they have low interest in such an engagement and it is not favoring their emotional condition, thereby failing them to realize their personal criteria of good life. It is recommended that it is a joint responsibility of the government, private sector and the individuals to make structured plans and open up for meaningful engagement in work-life post retirement. Physical, social and cultural opportunities be provided for the elderly. Efforts to promote generativity and wellbeing of the elderly at workplace will help improve their work efficiency and organizational productivity, bring the young and old generations together for better work environment and positively affect health of the elderly, thereby reducing economic burden on the government machinery. The government and the corporate would have to work in tandem to create Age-friendly environment. At the same time the elderly should practice self-actualization and be ready to take up work post retirement. Those in active service should perform and maintain the mindset that basis their past performance they could apply for extension or continue to work post retirement in some other organization or in form of being self-employed. Lastly, the potential of elderly should be utilized by the society through voluntary service or unpaid work

    Verfassungsblatt: 2023/4

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    Intellectual capital is the foundation of innovative development: Innovations in EFL teaching

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    The monograph is devoted to the actual problem of integrating digital educational technologies into EFL teaching at higher education institutions. In the perspective of the issues of the monograph, there is an analysis of innovations that the process of improving teaching in technical universities requires. Research materials are of theoretical and practical interest and can be used in formal and informal education of students and post-graduate students of pedagogical universities, as well as researchers of trends in the development of the educational space, for the training and retraining of scientific and pedagogical staff, specialists in the field of didactics, and all those who are interested problems of modern education.Монографія присвячена актуальній проблемі інтеграції цифрових освітніх технологій у викладання англійської мови у вищих навчальних закладах. У ракурсі проблематики в монографії проведено аналіз інновацій, яких потребує процес удосконалення викладання в технічних ВНЗ. Матеріали дослідження становлять теоретичний і практичний інтерес і можуть бути використані у формальній та неформальній освіті студентів та аспірантів педагогічних університетів, а також дослідників тенденцій розвитку освітнього простору, для підготовки та підвищення кваліфікації науково-педагогічних кадрів, спеціалістів у галузі дидактики, та усіх, хто цікавиться проблемами сучасної освіти

    Temporal interaction patterns in negotiations

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    This dissertation focuses on temporal interaction patterns in negotiations that have previously been neglected and examines their impact on the subsequent interaction and on the negotiated outcome. Although negotiations are defined as social interactions, there is still relatively little understanding of the observable interaction patterns that actually develop in negotiations. It requires time-consuming coding efforts and interaction patterns are challenging to analyze. However, studying negotiation behavior from an interaction-based perspective is crucial, as behavioral antecedents can be significantly more important in the prediction of subsequent behaviors in an interaction process than interindividual difference and contextual variables. Therefore, the studies presented in this dissertation contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of temporal interaction patterns in negotiation. Specifically, we study the occurrence of active listening (patterns) and their effect on negotiation outcomes, behavioral antecedents and consequences of (dis-)honest behavior, and effects of behavior announcement patterns on negotiation outcomes. The results of these studies contribute to negotiation theory but are also of high practical value. We provide concrete and readily applicable advice on the use of active listening, on the use and promotion of honest behavior and the inhibition of dishonest behavior that should improve practitioners’ negotiation interactions and outcomes

    Temporal interaction patterns in negotiations

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    This dissertation focuses on temporal interaction patterns in negotiations that have previously been neglected and examines their impact on the subsequent interaction and on the negotiated outcome. Although negotiations are defined as social interactions, there is still relatively little understanding of the observable interaction patterns that actually develop in negotiations. It requires time-consuming coding efforts and interaction patterns are challenging to analyze. However, studying negotiation behavior from an interaction-based perspective is crucial, as behavioral antecedents can be significantly more important in the prediction of subsequent behaviors in an interaction process than interindividual difference and contextual variables. Therefore, the studies presented in this dissertation contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of temporal interaction patterns in negotiation. Specifically, we study the occurrence of active listening (patterns) and their effect on negotiation outcomes, behavioral antecedents and consequences of (dis-)honest behavior, and effects of behavior announcement patterns on negotiation outcomes. The results of these studies contribute to negotiation theory but are also of high practical value. We provide concrete and readily applicable advice on the use of active listening, on the use and promotion of honest behavior and the inhibition of dishonest behavior that should improve practitioners’ negotiation interactions and outcomes

    National security exceptions: a shield or a weapon?:Balancing States’ autonomy to adopt security measures and International Economic Law

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    For nearly seventy years, countries did an excellent job of protecting the multilateral trading system from deciding whether national security was a legitimate defense for any given country’s measures, whether it was a trade ban, sanctions, or export restrictions. Then, in 2017 and 2018, several panels of the World Trade Organization (WTO) were established after respondents declared that they considered the challenged measures necessary to protect their essential security interests. Notably, these disputes started to mushroom when national security rhetoric gained prominence, partly due to emerging concerns raised by cybersecurity, geo-economic rivalry, technological nationalism, climate change, supply chain crisis, and migration flows. Such concerns have provoked reforms and strategic policies. Yet, by attempting to restore their sense of security, states have actually enlarged insecurity in the global economy, for example, by claiming that security exceptions can allow anything under the sun. The question that this dissertation tackles is how countries can restore the balance between states’ autonomy to protect national security and binding international law, taking into account new economic and political realities. This dissertation argues that existing security exceptions are either drafted too broadly, making it difficult to control their good faith application and creating verification problems for international courts, or too narrowly, arguably excluding from their scope the protection against insidious, imminent, yet severe emerging security threats. There is a risk that both approaches might undermine the balance between states’ sovereignty and international economic law by unjustifiably limiting the ability of states to take efficient security actions or opening the door to protectionism or opportunism by allowing any measure that a state considers necessary. Unlike other proposals, this dissertation starts from the premise that countries will be given the most space for dialogue if they admit that some national security questions are more prone to stricter regulation than others. To this end, this dissertation suggests states renegotiate existing security exceptions and change the approach to drafting them in future agreements. This dissertation synthesizes the existing doctrinal and empirical work on the application of security exceptions under international trade and investment law but also turns to the case studies of the United States, the European Union, and BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) – by virtue of the economic and political power of such WTO members, their importance in global supply chains, and their roles in the transformation of the global order. It aims to expand the rulebook on the application of security exceptions, improve cooperation between the WTO and the United Nations, and incentivize states to use trade and investment restrictions more efficiently, thereby permitting more policy space for calibrated responses to new externalities while reinforcing the function of security exceptions to shield states from responsibility only in extreme situations. The interdisciplinary constituency of such research affects the normative understanding of security exceptions and enables the discussion over the practice of application of security measures from different analytical lenses, making this research interesting for practitioners, academics, and policymakers dealing with the intersection between international economic law and national security

    Peace made, peace built?: Participation, countryside, and politics in the 2010s Colombian peace process

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    This thesis argues that the pursuit of participation and inclusion of all the society and inform well the citizenry about the terms of the accord is vital to achieving peacemaking on the one hand; and, a rural restructure, changing political parties’ informal coercive institutions and shifting the social norm of war towards peacebuilding on the other, are crucial coordinates so as to a routing a genuine development for Colombia. A nation that during the 2010s faced the challenge to end its long-standing civil war between the government and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia − People's Army (FARC-EP) rebels. I advance the argument in two parts: first, peacemaking is divided in two chapters. One examines participation and inclusion in the 2016 peace settlement based on democratic innovation and the ladder of citizen participation, arguing in a constructivist way, and applying hermeneutics that inclusion does not necessarily mean a civil society's control over the peacemaking process, being the participation of the political society and insurgency a precondition. The second chapter of this section focuses on the 2016 peace plebiscite, conceptually argues that personal, relational, cultural, and structural causes are intimately related to voters’ attitudes. And quantitatively discloses from municipal data that spaces with rural poverty, coca crops, victims, remote from the centre and an intense presence of the rebels had positive associations with the yes vote, a heterogeneous influence of the warring parties, and that the vote for no won at higher population and high abstention. The second part of this thesis addresses peacebuilding through three chapters. The first, argues that civil war has been encouraged by the grievance to reduce rural poverty, so, based upon Latin American Structuralism and original data empirically finds a paradox of land redistribution, intense positive effects of technical progress to defeat rural poverty, a dependency that undermines the better rural standard of living, ditches that become greater between centre-periphery, and the egregious effects of forced displacement for the countryside. The second chapter of this section examines the brutality, narcotics trafficking, and corruption enforced by active Colombian political parties (19 parties and one social movement) from 2011 to 2020. To do so, I addressed historical contingencies of the party politics and build a novel panel data set where the brutality composite indicator, the corruption indicator and coca crops are response variables for the explanatory matrix of political parties elected to executive branch positions. The findings unmask political parties who enforced or rejected these three coercive and violent informal institutions beside divergent causes. Lastly, in chapter five, the third part of section two, posits eight individual political preferences (kinship, funding, perpetuation, ideology, decision-making, religion, military, and media) that cement the norm of civil war. Hence, I carry out an experiment with all members of the 2018- vi 2022 Colombian Congress cohort (102 subjects in the Senate and 170 in the House of Representatives). The results indicate that the population is dominated by a selfish adapted community with heterogeneous preferences according to subjects’ chamber or the experimental groups (i.e., self-enforcers, dodgers, and scofflaws).A tese argumenta que a procura da participação e inclusão da sociedade, e informar bem à cidadania sobre os termos do acordo é vital para a formulação da paz, por um lado; e a reestruturação rural, mudar as instituições informais coercitivas dos partidos políticos, e virar a norma social da guerra orientando-a à construção de paz, de outro lado, são coordenadas cruciais para o roteamento de um desenvolvimento genuíno para Colômbia. Uma nação que durante a década dos 2010 defrontou o desafio de concluir sua guerra civil de longa duração entre o governo e a guerrilha das Forças Armadas Revolucionarias da Colômbia – Exército do Povo (FARC-EP). Levo a cabo o argumento em duas partes: A primeira, pacificação, é dividida em dois capítulos. Um examina a participação e inclusão no acordo de paz de 2016 baseado na inovação democrática e a escada da participação cidadã, a discutir de uma forma construtivista e aplicando hermenêutica que a inclusão não necessariamente significa um controle da sociedade civil no processo de pacificação, sendo a participação da sociedade política e da insurgência uma precondição. O segundo capítulo desta secção foca-se no plebiscito de paz de 2016, conceitualmente trata que causas pessoais, relacionais, culturais e estruturais estão intimamente conexas com as atitudes dos votantes. E quantitativamente revela a partir de data municipal que espaços com pobreza rural, culturas de coca, vítimas, distantes do centro e com uma intensa presença de rebeldes têm associações positivas com o voto sim, uma influência heterogênea das partes em conflito, e que o voto pelo não ganhou em lugares de alta densidade demográfica e de elevada abstenção. A segunda parte da tese aborda a construção de paz mediante três capítulos, por tanto, o primeiro fundamentado no estruturalismo latino-americano e data original, empiricamente descobre um paradoxo na distribuição da terra, efeitos positivamente intensos do progresso técnico a fim de vencer à pobreza rural, uma dependência que abate um melhor standard de vida no campo, fossos que se engrandecem entre o centro e a periferia, e os atrozes efeitos do deslocamento forçado para o campo. O segundo capítulo da segunda parte examina a brutalidade, o narcotráfico, e corrupção reforçada pelos partidos políticos colombianos ativos (19 partidos e um movimento social) de 2011 até 2020, para fazê lo, abordei contingências históricas da política partidária e construo um conjunto de dados painel onde o indicador composto de brutalidade, o indicador de corrupção e as culturas de coca são variáveis de resposta para a matriz de partidos políticos eleitos em cargos do ramo executivo. As descobertas desmascaram partidos políticos que reforçam ou rejeitam essas três viii instituições informais coercitivas e violentas além de causas divergentes. Por fim, no capítulo cinco, a terceira secção da parte dois da tese, postula oito preferências políticas individuais (parentesco, financiamento, perpetuamento, ideologia, tomada de decisões, religião, militares e média) que cimentam a norma de guerra civil. Assim sendo, levo a cabo um experimento com todos os integrantes do Congresso de Colômbia da coorte 2018-2022 (102 sujeitos no Senado e 170 na Câmara de Representantes). Os resultados indicam que a população é dominada por uma comunidade egoísta adaptada com preferências heterogêneas segundo à câmara e grupo experimental (i.e., auto executores, trapaceiros, e burla leis) dos sujeitos

    Induced innovation and international environmental agreements: evidence from the ozone regime

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    This paper revisits one of the rare success stories in global environmental cooperation: the Montreal Protocol and the phase-out of ozone-depleting substances. I show that the protocol increased science and innovation on alternatives to ozone-depleting substances and argue that agreements can indeed be useful to solving global public goods problems. This contrasts with game-theoretical predictions that agreements occur only when costs to the players are low, and with the often-heard narrative that substitutes were readily available. I reconcile theory and empirics by discussing the role of induced innovation in models of environmental agreements
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