The Mass of Graviton and Its Relation to the Number of Information according to the Holographic Principle

We investigate the relation of the mass of the graviton to the number of information in a flat universe. As a result we find that the mass of the graviton scales as gr ∝ 1/√. Furthermore, we find that the number of gravitons contained inside the observable horizon is directly proportional to the number of information ; that is, gr ∝ . Similarly, the total mass of gravitons that exist in the universe is proportional to the number of information ; that is, gr ∝ √. In an effort to establish a relation between the graviton mass and the basic parameters of the universe, we find that the mass of the graviton is simply twice the Hubble mass as it is defined by Gerstein et al. (2003), times the square root of the quantity − 1/2, where is the deceleration parameter of the universe. In relation to the geometry of the universe we find that the mass of the graviton varies according to the relation gr ∝ √sc, and therefore gr obviously controls the geometry of the space time through a deviation of the geodesic spheres from the spheres of Euclidean metric

Seismic Response to Injection Well Stimulation in a High-Temperature, High-Permeability Reservoir

Fluid injection into the Earth's crust can induce seismic events that cause damage to local infrastructure but also offer valuable insight into seismogenesis. The factors that influence the magnitude, location, and number of induced events remain poorly understood but include injection flow rate and pressure as well as reservoir temperature and permeability. The relationship between injection parameters and injection-induced seismicity in high-temperature, high-permeability reservoirs has not been extensively studied. Here we focus on the Ngatamariki geothermal field in the central Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand, where three stimulation/injection tests have occurred since 2012. We present a catalog of seismicity from 2012 to 2015 created using a matched-filter detection technique. We analyze the stress state in the reservoir during the injection tests from first motion-derived focal mechanisms, yielding an average direction of maximum horizontal compressive stress (SHmax) consistent with the regional NE-SW trend. However, there is significant variation in the direction of maximum compressive stress (σ1), which may reflect geological differences between wells. We use the ratio of injection flow rate to overpressure, referred to as injectivity index, as a proxy for near-well permeability and compare changes in injectivity index to spatiotemporal characteristics of seismicity accompanying each test. Observed increases in injectivity index are generally poorly correlated with seismicity, suggesting that the locations of microearthquakes are not coincident with the zone of stimulation (i.e., increased permeability). Our findings augment a growing body of work suggesting that aseismic opening or slip, rather than seismic shear, is the active process driving well stimulation in many environments