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Robust optimization for energy transactions in multi-microgrids under uncertainty
Independent operation of single microgrids (MGs) faces problems such as low self-consumption of local renewable energy, high operation cost and frequent power exchange with the grid. Interconnecting multiple MGs as a multi-microgrid (MMG) is an effective way to improve operational and economic performance. However, ensuring the optimal collaborative operation of a MMG is a challenging problem, especially under disturbances of intermittent renewable energy. In this paper, the economic and collaborative operation of MMGs is formulated as a unit commitment problem to describe the discrete characteristics of energy transaction combinations among MGs. A two-stage adaptive robust optimization based collaborative operation approach for a residential MMG is constructed to derive the scheduling scheme which minimizes the MMG operating cost under the worst realization of uncertain PV output. Transformed by its KKT optimality conditions, the reformulated model is efficiently solved by a column-and-constraint generation (C&CG) method. Case studies verify the effectiveness of the proposed model and evaluate the benefits of energy transactions in MMGs. The results show that the developed MMG operation approach is able to minimize the daily MMG operating cost while mitigating the disturbances of uncertainty in renewable energy sources. Compared to the non-interactive model, the proposed model can not only reduce the MMG operating cost but also mitigate the frequent energy interaction between the MMG and the grid
Evaluating XMPP Communication in IEC 61499-based Distributed Energy Applications
The IEC 61499 reference model provides an international standard developed
specifically for supporting the creation of distributed event-based automation
systems. Functionality is abstracted into function blocks which can be coded
graphically as well as via a text-based method. As one of the design goals was
the ability to support distributed control applications, communication plays a
central role in the IEC 61499 specification. In order to enable the deployment
of functionality to distributed platforms, these platforms need to exchange
data in a variety of protocols. IEC 61499 realizes the support of these
protocols via "Service Interface Function Blocks" (SIFBs). In the context of
smart grids and energy applications, IEC 61499 could play an important role, as
these applications require coordinating several distributed control logics.
Yet, the support of grid-related protocols is a pre-condition for a wide-spread
utilization of IEC 61499. The eXtensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP)
on the other hand is a well-established protocol for messaging, which has
recently been adopted for smart grid communication. Thus, SIFBs for XMPP
facilitate distributed control applications, which use XMPP for exchanging all
control relevant data, being realized with the help of IEC 61499. This paper
introduces the idea of integrating XMPP into SIFBs, demonstrates the
prototypical implementation in an open source IEC 61499 platform and provides
an evaluation of the feasibility of the result.Comment: 2016 IEEE 21st International Conference on Emerging Technologies and
Factory Automation (ETFA
A unified theory for excited-state, fragmented, and equilibrium-like Bose condensation in pumped photonic many-body systems
We derive a theory for Bose condensation in nonequilibrium steady states of
bosonic quantum gases that are coupled both to a thermal heat bath and to a
pumped reservoir (or gain medium), while suffering from loss. Such a scenario
describes photonic many-body systems such as exciton-polariton gases. Our
analysis is based on a set of kinetic equations for a gas of noninteracting
bosons. By identifying a dimensionless scaling parameter controlling the boson
density, we derive a sharp criterion for which system states become selected to
host a macroscopic occupation. We show that with increasing pump power, the
system generically undergoes a sequence of nonequilibrum phase transitions. At
each transition a state either becomes or ceases to be Bose selected (i.e. to
host a condensate): The state which first acquires a condensate when the
pumping exceeds a threshold is the one with the largest ratio of pumping to
loss. This intuitive behavior resembles simple lasing. In the limit of strong
pumping, the coupling to the heat bath becomes dominant so that eventually the
ground state is selected, corresponding to equilibrium(-like) Bose
condensation. For intermediate pumping strengths, several states become
selected giving rise to fragmented nonequilibrium Bose condensation. We compare
these predictions to experimental results obtained for excitons polaritons in a
double-pillar structure [Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 126403 (2012)] and find good
agreement. Our theory, moreover, predicts that the reservoir occupation is
clamped at a constant value whenever the system hosts an odd number of Bose
condensates
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