Transformation of Extracted Knowledge in Malay Unstructured Documents Into an Interrogative Structured Form

The availability of knowledge discovery operation helps to extract valuable information and knowledge in large volumes of data in structured databases. However, a large portion of the available information is not in structured form but rather collections of text documents in unstructured format, which also implies to Malay unstructured documents. Therefore, structuring characteristics must be imposed to unstructured documents in order to transform information available in unstructured documents into knowledge. A new approach has been established to transform extracted knowledge in Malay unstructured document by identifying, organizing, and structuring them into interrogative structured form. Its architecture is developed based on the implementation of (i) interrogative knowledge identification; (ii) interrogative contextual information; and (iii) interrogative knowledge organization and structuring with Malay knowledge representation by concepts. It utilizes the Malay language corpus; interrogative theory; as well as object-oriented, ontology, and database model. The research involves system development based on architecture of the MalaylK-Ontology, which is being measured by quantitative retrieval performance using the recall and precision metrics. The development of the Retrieval lnterrogative Ontology Analysis Application is used to verify fitness of task for the functionalities and usefulness on the utilization of interrogative contextual information with color coding supplement, additional information annotation, and Malay knowledge representation by concepts. A number of experiments are carried out to quantify the accuracy of knowledge extracted. The MalaylK-Ontology is tested by using stratified random sampling drawn from various sources of Malay unstructured documents such as news, e-mails, articles, magazines, and texts from children story books. The results of the experiments have proved that the approach of MalaylK-Ontology performed well as compared to knowledge extracted manually done by an expert. The results of questionnaires evaluation on the Retrieval lnterrogative Ontology Analysis Application have shown good achievement in understanding the main point of the unstructured document easily and clearly. This is to improve better understanding the process of making sense of information into knowledge, maintaining the meaning of the information and gaining the interpretation of the identical knowledge in unstructured document which facilitate identical knowledge perceived by different people

MalayIK: An Ontological Approach to Knowledge Transformation in Malay Unstructured Documents

The number of unstructured documents written in Malay language is enormously available on the web and intranets. However, unstructured documents cannot be queried in simple ways, hence the knowledge contained in such documents can neither be used by automatic systems nor could be understood easily and clearly by humans. This paper proposes a new approach to transform extracted knowledge in Malay unstructured document using ontology by identifying, organizing, and structuring the documents into an interrogative structured form. A Malay knowledge base, the MalayIK corpus is developed and used to test the MalayIK-Ontology against Ontos, an existing data extraction engine. The experimental results from MalayIK-Ontology have shown a significant improvement of knowledge extraction over Ontos implementation. This shows that clear knowledge organization and structuring concept is able to increase understanding, which leads to potential increase in sharable and reusable of concepts among the community

Advanced Knowledge Technologies at the Midterm: Tools and Methods for the Semantic Web

The University of Edinburgh and research sponsors are authorised to reproduce and distribute reprints and on-line copies for their purposes notwithstanding any copyright annotation hereon. The views and conclusions contained herein are the author’s and shouldn’t be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies or endorsements, either expressed or implied, of other parties.In a celebrated essay on the new electronic media, Marshall McLuhan wrote in 1962:Our private senses are not closed systems but are endlessly translated into each other in that experience which we call consciousness. Our extended senses, tools, technologies, through the ages, have been closed systems incapable of interplay or collective awareness. Now, in the electric age, the very instantaneous nature of co-existence among our technological instruments has created a crisis quite new in human history. Our extended faculties and senses now constitute a single field of experience which demands that they become collectively conscious. Our technologies, like our private senses, now demand an interplay and ratio that makes rational co-existence possible. As long as our technologies were as slow as the wheel or the alphabet or money, the fact that they were separate, closed systems was socially and psychically supportable. This is not true now when sight and sound and movement are simultaneous and global in extent. (McLuhan 1962, p.5, emphasis in original)Over forty years later, the seamless interplay that McLuhan demanded between our technologies is still barely visible. McLuhan’s predictions of the spread, and increased importance, of electronic media have of course been borne out, and the worlds of business, science and knowledge storage and transfer have been revolutionised. Yet the integration of electronic systems as open systems remains in its infancy.Advanced Knowledge Technologies (AKT) aims to address this problem, to create a view of knowledge and its management across its lifecycle, to research and create the services and technologies that such unification will require. Half way through its sixyear span, the results are beginning to come through, and this paper will explore some of the services, technologies and methodologies that have been developed. We hope to give a sense in this paper of the potential for the next three years, to discuss the insights and lessons learnt in the first phase of the project, to articulate the challenges and issues that remain.The WWW provided the original context that made the AKT approach to knowledge management (KM) possible. AKT was initially proposed in 1999, it brought together an interdisciplinary consortium with the technological breadth and complementarity to create the conditions for a unified approach to knowledge across its lifecycle. The combination of this expertise, and the time and space afforded the consortium by the IRC structure, suggested the opportunity for a concerted effort to develop an approach to advanced knowledge technologies, based on the WWW as a basic infrastructure.The technological context of AKT altered for the better in the short period between the development of the proposal and the beginning of the project itself with the development of the semantic web (SW), which foresaw much more intelligent manipulation and querying of knowledge. The opportunities that the SW provided for e.g., more intelligent retrieval, put AKT in the centre of information technology innovation and knowledge management services; the AKT skill set would clearly be central for the exploitation of those opportunities.The SW, as an extension of the WWW, provides an interesting set of constraints to the knowledge management services AKT tries to provide. As a medium for the semantically-informed coordination of information, it has suggested a number of ways in which the objectives of AKT can be achieved, most obviously through the provision of knowledge management services delivered over the web as opposed to the creation and provision of technologies to manage knowledge.AKT is working on the assumption that many web services will be developed and provided for users. The KM problem in the near future will be one of deciding which services are needed and of coordinating them. Many of these services will be largely or entirely legacies of the WWW, and so the capabilities of the services will vary. As well as providing useful KM services in their own right, AKT will be aiming to exploit this opportunity, by reasoning over services, brokering between them, and providing essential meta-services for SW knowledge service management.Ontologies will be a crucial tool for the SW. The AKT consortium brings a lot of expertise on ontologies together, and ontologies were always going to be a key part of the strategy. All kinds of knowledge sharing and transfer activities will be mediated by ontologies, and ontology management will be an important enabling task. Different applications will need to cope with inconsistent ontologies, or with the problems that will follow the automatic creation of ontologies (e.g. merging of pre-existing ontologies to create a third). Ontology mapping, and the elimination of conflicts of reference, will be important tasks. All of these issues are discussed along with our proposed technologies.Similarly, specifications of tasks will be used for the deployment of knowledge services over the SW, but in general it cannot be expected that in the medium term there will be standards for task (or service) specifications. The brokering metaservices that are envisaged will have to deal with this heterogeneity.The emerging picture of the SW is one of great opportunity but it will not be a wellordered, certain or consistent environment. It will comprise many repositories of legacy data, outdated and inconsistent stores, and requirements for common understandings across divergent formalisms. There is clearly a role for standards to play to bring much of this context together; AKT is playing a significant role in these efforts. But standards take time to emerge, they take political power to enforce, and they have been known to stifle innovation (in the short term). AKT is keen to understand the balance between principled inference and statistical processing of web content. Logical inference on the Web is tough. Complex queries using traditional AI inference methods bring most distributed computer systems to their knees. Do we set up semantically well-behaved areas of the Web? Is any part of the Web in which semantic hygiene prevails interesting enough to reason in? These and many other questions need to be addressed if we are to provide effective knowledge technologies for our content on the web