Learning Components of Computational Models from Texts

The mental models of experts can be encoded in computational cognitive models that can support the functioning of intelligent agents. This paper compares human mental models to computational cognitive models, and explores the extent to which the latter can be acquired automatically from published sources via automatic learning by reading. It suggests that although model components can be automatically learned, published sources lack sufficient information for the compilation of fully specified models that can support sophisticated agent capabilities, such as physiological simulation and reasoning. Such models require hypotheses and educated guessing about unattested phenomena, which can be provided only by humans and are best recorded using knowledge engineering strategies. This work merges past work on cognitive modeling, agent simulation, learning by reading, and narrative structure, and draws examples from the domain of clinical medicine

Natural Language Watermarking and Tamperproofing

Two main results in the area of information hiding in natural language text are presented. A semantically-based scheme dramatically improves the information-hiding capacity of any text through two techniques: (i) modifying the granularity of meaning of individual sentences, whereas our own previous scheme kept the granularity fixed, and (ii) halving the number of sentences affected by the watermark. No longer a "long text, short watermark" approach, it now makes it possible to watermark short texts like wire agency reports. Using both the above-mentioned semantic marking scheme and our previous syntactically-based method hides information in a way that reveals any non-trivial tampering with the text (while re-formatting is not considered to be tampering---the problem would be solved trivially otherwise by hiding a hash of the text) with a probability 1--2 , n being its number of sentences and a small positive integer based on the extent of co-referencing

\u2018Ontology\u2019 and Terminological Frameworks: an Overview of Issues and Term(s)

This paper addresses the question of the protean nature of \u2018ontology\u2019, with special attention paid to its use within the domain of terminology theories and applications. This term is widely used nowadays within various disciplines for designating different types of organising relational frameworks. Yet, its designations remain unvaried and, in this way, it causes ambiguity. The multifaceted nature of the so-called \u2018ontology\u2019 hinders the possibility of providing an unambiguous defi nition. This is mainly due to the multi- and interdisciplinary dimension of this notion, which is outlined here through an overview of its application within philosophy, information science, and linguistic disciplines. The reference model of ontology that is applied nowadays in various disciplines corresponds to an object, or more precisely, to various types of objects which are all based on a relational framework, and are used for organising different types of knowledge units. This view differs from the original value of ontology that was shaped within philosophy as a purely theoretical model, a global and universally-valid abstract classifi cation of reality. Therefore, it seems appropriate that this term should acquire greater precision especially when it is used within the domain of terminology

Methodology of designing computer ontology of subject discipline by future teachers-engineers

The article deals with the problem of the methodology of designing computer ontology of the subject discipline by the future teachers-engineers in the field of computer technologies. The scheme of ontology of the subject discipline is presented in which the set of concepts of the future computer ontology and the set of relations between them are represented. The main criteria of the choice of systems of computer ontologies for designing computer ontology of the subject discipline: software architecture and tools development; interoperability; intuitive interface are established. The selection of techniques for designing ontologies using computer ontology systems is carried out. The algorithm of designing computer ontology of the subject discipline by the future teachers-engineers in the field of computer technologies is proposed

Методика проектування комп'ютерної онтології предметної дисципліни майбутніми інженерами-педагогами

The article deals with the problem of the methodology of designing computer ontology of the subject discipline by the future teachers-engineers in the field of computer technologies. The scheme of ontology of the subject discipline is presented in which the set of concepts of the future computer ontology and the set of relations between them are represented. The main criteria of the choice of systems of computer ontologies for designing computer ontology of the subject discipline: software architecture and tools development; interoperability; intuitive interface are established. The selection of techniques for designing ontologies using computer ontology systems is carried out. The algorithm of designing computer ontology of the subject discipline by the future teachers-engineers in the field of computer technologies is proposed.У статті розглянуто проблему методології проектування комп’ютерної онтології предметної дисципліни майбутніми інженерами-педагогами у галузі комп’ютерних технологій. Представлена схема онтології предметної дисципліни, в якій представлена сукупність понять майбутньої комп’ютерної онтології та сукупність відносин між ними. Основні критерії вибору систем комп’ютерних онтологій для проектування комп'ютерної онтології предметної дисципліни: архітектура програмного забезпечення та розробка інструментів; сумісність; інтуїтивно зрозумілий інтерфейс. Здійснено вибір методів проектування онтологій за допомогою комп'ютерних онтологічних систем. Запропоновано алгоритм проектування комп’ютерної онтології предметної дисципліни майбутніми інженерами-педагогами у галузі комп’ютерних технологій

Интерактивное разрешение лексической и синтаксической неоднозначности в системах автоматической обработки естественного языка

В настоящей работе описывается метод интерактивного разрешения неоднозначности, разрабатываемый различными научными коллективами в течение последних двадцати лет [16, 18, 12]. Идея метода заключается в том, что при столкновении с неразрешимой неоднозначностью система обработки текста обращается к пользователю с уточняющим запросом. Нами созданы словари омонимов для разрешения лексической омонимии, проведены исследования, посвященные поиску возможных способов разрешения омонимии синтаксической. Полученные результаты показывают, что метод способен служить существенному повышению качества автоматического анализа и обработки текста в целом.The paper presents a method of interactive ambiguity resolution, which has been developed by a number of research teams for the last twenty years [16, 18, 12]. The core of the method consists in asking the user to identify a word sense, or a syntactic interpretation whenever the system lacks reliable data to make the choice automatically. We have created dictionaries of homonyms that enable the user to implement word sense disambiguation and have conducted research intended to find ways of syntactical ambiguity resolution. Our results show that the use of the method can lead to a considerable improvement of text processing quality