10,698 research outputs found
Grid Energy Consumption and QoS Tradeoff in Hybrid Energy Supply Wireless Networks
Hybrid energy supply (HES) wireless networks have recently emerged as a new
paradigm to enable green networks, which are powered by both the electric grid
and harvested renewable energy. In this paper, we will investigate two critical
but conflicting design objectives of HES networks, i.e., the grid energy
consumption and quality of service (QoS). Minimizing grid energy consumption by
utilizing the harvested energy will make the network environmentally friendly,
but the achievable QoS may be degraded due to the intermittent nature of energy
harvesting. To investigate the tradeoff between these two aspects, we introduce
the total service cost as the performance metric, which is the weighted sum of
the grid energy cost and the QoS degradation cost. Base station assignment and
power control is adopted as the main strategy to minimize the total service
cost, while both cases with non-causal and causal side information are
considered. With non-causal side information, a Greedy Assignment algorithm
with low complexity and near-optimal performance is proposed. With causal side
information, the design problem is formulated as a discrete Markov decision
problem. Interesting solution structures are derived, which shall help to
develop an efficient monotone backward induction algorithm. To further reduce
complexity, a Look-Ahead policy and a Threshold-based Heuristic policy are also
proposed. Simulation results shall validate the effectiveness of the proposed
algorithms and demonstrate the unique grid energy consumption and QoS tradeoff
in HES networks.Comment: 14 pages, 7 figures, to appear in IEEE Transactions on Wireless
Communication
From 4G to 5G: Self-organized Network Management meets Machine Learning
In this paper, we provide an analysis of self-organized network management,
with an end-to-end perspective of the network. Self-organization as applied to
cellular networks is usually referred to Self-organizing Networks (SONs), and
it is a key driver for improving Operations, Administration, and Maintenance
(OAM) activities. SON aims at reducing the cost of installation and management
of 4G and future 5G networks, by simplifying operational tasks through the
capability to configure, optimize and heal itself. To satisfy 5G network
management requirements, this autonomous management vision has to be extended
to the end to end network. In literature and also in some instances of products
available in the market, Machine Learning (ML) has been identified as the key
tool to implement autonomous adaptability and take advantage of experience when
making decisions. In this paper, we survey how network management can
significantly benefit from ML solutions. We review and provide the basic
concepts and taxonomy for SON, network management and ML. We analyse the
available state of the art in the literature, standardization, and in the
market. We pay special attention to 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
evolution in the area of network management and to the data that can be
extracted from 3GPP networks, in order to gain knowledge and experience in how
the network is working, and improve network performance in a proactive way.
Finally, we go through the main challenges associated with this line of
research, in both 4G and in what 5G is getting designed, while identifying new
directions for research.Comment: 23 pages, 3 figures, Surve
Dynamic Cross-Layer Beamforming in Hybrid Powered Communication Systems With Harvest-Use-Trade Strategy
The application of renewable energy is a promising solution to realize the
Green Communications. However, if the cellular systems are solely powered by
the renewable energy, the weather dependence of the renewable energy arrival
makes the systems unstable. On the other hand, the proliferation of the smart
grid facilitates the loads with two-way energy trading capability. Hence, a
hybrid powered cellular system, which combines the smart grid with the base
stations, can reduce the grid energy expenditure and improve the utilization
efficiency of the renewable energy. In this paper, the long-term grid energy
expenditure minimization problem is formulated as a stochastic optimization
model. By leveraging the stochastic optimization theory, we reformulate the
stochastic optimization problem as a \mbox{per-frame} grid energy plus weighted
penalized packet rate minimization problem, which is NP-hard. As a result, two
suboptimal algorithms, which jointly consider the effects of the channel
quality and the packet reception failure, are proposed based on the successive
approximation beamforming (SABF) technique and the \mbox{zero-forcing}
beamforming (ZFBF) technique. The convergence properties of the proposed
suboptimal algorithms are established, and the corresponding computational
complexities are analyzed. Simulation results show that the proposed SABF
algorithm outperforms the ZFBF algorithm in both grid energy expenditure and
packet delay. By tuning a control parameter, the grid energy expenditure can be
traded for the packet delay under the proposed stochastic optimization model.Comment: accepted by IEEE Trans. Wireless Commu
Group Sparse Beamforming for Green Cloud-RAN
A cloud radio access network (Cloud-RAN) is a network architecture that holds
the promise of meeting the explosive growth of mobile data traffic. In this
architecture, all the baseband signal processing is shifted to a single
baseband unit (BBU) pool, which enables efficient resource allocation and
interference management. Meanwhile, conventional powerful base stations can be
replaced by low-cost low-power remote radio heads (RRHs), producing a green and
low-cost infrastructure. However, as all the RRHs need to be connected to the
BBU pool through optical transport links, the transport network power
consumption becomes significant. In this paper, we propose a new framework to
design a green Cloud-RAN, which is formulated as a joint RRH selection and
power minimization beamforming problem. To efficiently solve this problem, we
first propose a greedy selection algorithm, which is shown to provide near-
optimal performance. To further reduce the complexity, a novel group sparse
beamforming method is proposed by inducing the group-sparsity of beamformers
using the weighted -norm minimization, where the group sparsity
pattern indicates those RRHs that can be switched off. Simulation results will
show that the proposed algorithms significantly reduce the network power
consumption and demonstrate the importance of considering the transport link
power consumption
Optimal Pricing and Load Sharing for Energy Saving in Communications Cooperation
In this paper, we propose a pricing mechanism for the uplink communication
cooperation to save the energy of mobile terminals (MTs) in wireless cellular
network. Under the uncertainties of the other MTs' channel and battery
conditions, a source MT in low battery level or bad channel condition is
allowed to select and pay another MT in proximity to help forward its data
package to the base station (BS). We formulate the source MT's pricing and load
sharing problem as an optimization problem to minimize its expected energy
cost. When the source MT cannot split its data package for a certain multimedia
application, we motivate the selected relay MT to forward the whole data
package by obtaining the optimal pricing through a dichotomous search
algorithm. When the source MT can split the data package, we jointly optimize
the pricing and load sharing with the relay MT and propose an alternating
optimization algorithm that achieves near-optimal solution. Extensive numerical
results are provided to show that our proposed pricing mechanism can
significantly decrease the source MT's expected energy cost, and load sharing
is more cost-efficient when the size of the data package is large and the
average number of helping MTs is small
Provisioning Green Energy for Base Stations in Heterogeneous Networks
Cellular networks are among the major energy hoggers of communication
networks, and their contributions to the global energy consumption increase
rapidly due to the surges of data traffic. With the development of green energy
technologies, base stations (BSs) can be powered by green energy in order to
reduce the on-grid energy consumption, and subsequently reduce the carbon
footprints. However, equipping a BS with a green energy system incurs
additional capital expenditure (CAPEX) that is determined by the size of the
green energy generator, the battery capacity, and other installation expenses.
In this paper, we introduce and investigate the green energy provisioning (GEP)
problem which aims to minimize the CAPEX of deploying green energy systems in
BSs while satisfying the QoS requirements of cellular networks. The GEP problem
is challenging because it involves the optimization over multiple time slots
and across multiple BSs. We decompose the GEP problem into the weighted energy
minimization problem and the green energy system sizing problem, and propose a
green energy provisioning solution consisting of the provision cost aware
traffic load balancing algorithm and the binary energy system sizing algorithm
to solve the sub-problems and subsequently solve the GEP problem. We validate
the performance and the viability of the proposed green energy provisioning
solution through extensive simulations, which also conform to our analytically
results
A Lyapunov Optimization Approach for Green Cellular Networks with Hybrid Energy Supplies
Powering cellular networks with renewable energy sources via energy
harvesting (EH) has recently been proposed as a promising solution for green
networking. However, with intermittent and random energy arrivals, it is
challenging to provide satisfactory quality of service (QoS) in EH networks. To
enjoy the greenness brought by EH while overcoming the instability of the
renewable energy sources, hybrid energy supply (HES) networks that are powered
by both EH and the electric grid have emerged as a new paradigm for green
communications. In this paper, we will propose new design methodologies for HES
green cellular networks with the help of Lyapunov optimization techniques. The
network service cost, which addresses both the grid energy consumption and
achievable QoS, is adopted as the performance metric, and it is optimized via
base station assignment and power control (BAPC). Our main contribution is a
low-complexity online algorithm to minimize the long-term average network
service cost, namely, the Lyapunov optimization-based BAPC (LBAPC) algorithm.
One main advantage of this algorithm is that the decisions depend only on the
instantaneous side information without requiring distribution information of
channels and EH processes. To determine the network operation, we only need to
solve a deterministic per-time slot problem, for which an efficient inner-outer
optimization algorithm is proposed. Moreover, the proposed algorithm is shown
to be asymptotically optimal via rigorous analysis. Finally, sample simulation
results are presented to verify the theoretical analysis as well as validate
the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.Comment: 15 pages, 8 figures, to appear in IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in
Communication
Kernel-Based Adaptive Online Reconstruction of Coverage Maps With Side Information
In this paper, we address the problem of reconstructing coverage maps from
path-loss measurements in cellular networks. We propose and evaluate two
kernel-based adaptive online algorithms as an alternative to typical offline
methods. The proposed algorithms are application-tailored extensions of
powerful iterative methods such as the adaptive projected subgradient method
and a state-of-the-art adaptive multikernel method. Assuming that the moving
trajectories of users are available, it is shown how side information can be
incorporated in the algorithms to improve their convergence performance and the
quality of the estimation. The complexity is significantly reduced by imposing
sparsity-awareness in the sense that the algorithms exploit the compressibility
of the measurement data to reduce the amount of data which is saved and
processed. Finally, we present extensive simulations based on realistic data to
show that our algorithms provide fast, robust estimates of coverage maps in
real-world scenarios. Envisioned applications include path-loss prediction
along trajectories of mobile users as a building block for anticipatory
buffering or traffic offloading.Comment: IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology; revised and extended
version with new simulation scenari
Recent Advances in Cloud Radio Access Networks: System Architectures, Key Techniques, and Open Issues
As a promising paradigm to reduce both capital and operating expenditures,
the cloud radio access network (C-RAN) has been shown to provide high spectral
efficiency and energy efficiency. Motivated by its significant theoretical
performance gains and potential advantages, C-RANs have been advocated by both
the industry and research community. This paper comprehensively surveys the
recent advances of C-RANs, including system architectures, key techniques, and
open issues. The system architectures with different functional splits and the
corresponding characteristics are comprehensively summarized and discussed. The
state-of-the-art key techniques in C-RANs are classified as: the fronthaul
compression, large-scale collaborative processing, and channel estimation in
the physical layer; and the radio resource allocation and optimization in the
upper layer. Additionally, given the extensiveness of the research area, open
issues and challenges are presented to spur future investigations, in which the
involvement of edge cache, big data mining, social-aware device-to-device,
cognitive radio, software defined network, and physical layer security for
C-RANs are discussed, and the progress of testbed development and trial test
are introduced as well.Comment: 27 pages, 11 figure
Energy Efficiency of Downlink Transmission Strategies for Cloud Radio Access Networks
This paper studies the energy efficiency of the cloud radio access network
(C-RAN), specifically focusing on two fundamental and different downlink
transmission strategies, namely the data-sharing strategy and the compression
strategy. In the data-sharing strategy, the backhaul links connecting the
central processor (CP) and the base-stations (BSs) are used to carry user
messages -- each user's messages are sent to multiple BSs; the BSs locally form
the beamforming vectors then cooperatively transmit the messages to the user.
In the compression strategy, the user messages are precoded centrally at the
CP, which forwards a compressed version of the analog beamformed signals to the
BSs for cooperative transmission. This paper compares the energy efficiencies
of the two strategies by formulating an optimization problem of minimizing the
total network power consumption subject to user target rate constraints, where
the total network power includes the BS transmission power, BS activation
power, and load-dependent backhaul power. To tackle the discrete and nonconvex
nature of the optimization problems, we utilize the techniques of reweighted
minimization and successive convex approximation to devise provably
convergent algorithms. Our main finding is that both the optimized data-sharing
and compression strategies in C-RAN achieve much higher energy efficiency as
compared to the non-optimized coordinated multi-point transmission, but their
comparative effectiveness in energy saving depends on the user target rate. At
low user target rate, data-sharing consumes less total power than compression,
however, as the user target rate increases, the backhaul power consumption for
data-sharing increases significantly leading to better energy efficiency of
compression at the high user rate regime.Comment: 14 pages, 8 figures, accepted by JSAC Energy-Efficient Techniques for
5G Wireless Communication Systems special issu
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