1,965 research outputs found

    On the interaction between Autonomous Mobility-on-Demand systems and the power network: models and coordination algorithms

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    We study the interaction between a fleet of electric, self-driving vehicles servicing on-demand transportation requests (referred to as Autonomous Mobility-on-Demand, or AMoD, system) and the electric power network. We propose a model that captures the coupling between the two systems stemming from the vehicles' charging requirements and captures time-varying customer demand and power generation costs, road congestion, battery depreciation, and power transmission and distribution constraints. We then leverage the model to jointly optimize the operation of both systems. We devise an algorithmic procedure to losslessly reduce the problem size by bundling customer requests, allowing it to be efficiently solved by off-the-shelf linear programming solvers. Next, we show that the socially optimal solution to the joint problem can be enforced as a general equilibrium, and we provide a dual decomposition algorithm that allows self-interested agents to compute the market clearing prices without sharing private information. We assess the performance of the mode by studying a hypothetical AMoD system in Dallas-Fort Worth and its impact on the Texas power network. Lack of coordination between the AMoD system and the power network can cause a 4.4% increase in the price of electricity in Dallas-Fort Worth; conversely, coordination between the AMoD system and the power network could reduce electricity expenditure compared to the case where no cars are present (despite the increased demand for electricity) and yield savings of up $147M/year. Finally, we provide a receding-horizon implementation and assess its performance with agent-based simulations. Collectively, the results of this paper provide a first-of-a-kind characterization of the interaction between electric-powered AMoD systems and the power network, and shed additional light on the economic and societal value of AMoD.Comment: Extended version of the paper presented at Robotics: Science and Systems XIV and accepted by TCNS. In Version 4, the body of the paper is largely rewritten for clarity and consistency, and new numerical simulations are presented. All source code is available (MIT) at https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.324165

    Engineering User-Centric Smart Charging Systems

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    Die Integration erneuerbarer Energiequellen und die Sektorenkopplung erhöhen den Bedarf an FlexibilitĂ€t im ElektrizitĂ€tssystem. Elektrofahrzeuge koordiniert zu Laden bietet die Chance solche FlexibilitĂ€t bereitzustellen. Allerdings hĂ€ngt das FlexibilitĂ€tspotential von Elektrofahrzeugen davon ab in welchem Umfang sich die Nutzer der Fahrzeuge dazu entschließen intelligentes Laden zu nutzen. Ziel dieser Dissertation ist es Lösungen fĂŒr intelligente Ladesysteme zu entwickeln, welche die Nutzer zu flexiblerem Laden anreizen und diese dabei zu unterstĂŒtzen. Anhand eines LiteraturĂŒberblicks und einer Expertenbefragung werden zunĂ€chst Ziele identifiziert, welche Nutzer zu einer flexiblen Ladung motivieren können. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass neben finanziellen Anreizen auch die Integration erneuer-barer Energien und die Vermeidung von NetzengpĂ€ssen einen Anreiz fĂŒr das flexible La-den darstellen können. In der Folge wird untersucht, ob das Framing der Ladesituation hinsichtlich dieser Ziele die LadeflexibilitĂ€t von Elektrofahrzeugnutzern beeinflussen kann. Hierzu wird ein Online-Experiment mit Elektrofahrzeugnutzern evaluiert. Das sich ein Teil der Nutzer bei einem Umwelt-Framing flexibler verhĂ€lt, macht Feedback darĂŒber, wie die CO2-Emissionen von der bereitgestellten FlexibilitĂ€t abhĂ€ngen zu einem vielversprechenden Anreiz intelligentes Laden zu nutzen. Um solches Feedback zu er-möglichen werden als NĂ€chstes die CO2-Einsparpotenziale eines optimierten Ladens im Vergleich zu unkontrolliertem Laden untersucht. Dazu werden die marginalen Emissions-faktoren im deutschen Stromnetz mithilfe eines regressionsbasierten Ansatzes ermittelt. Um Echtzeit-Feedback in realen Systemen zu ermöglichen wird darauf aufbauend eine Prognosemethode fĂŒr Emissionsfaktoren entwickelt. Die Zielerreichung intelligenten Ladens hĂ€ngt hauptsĂ€chlich von der zeitlichen und energetischen FlexibilitĂ€t der Elektrofahrzeuge ab. Damit Nutzer diese Ladeeinstellungen nicht bei jeder Ankunft an der Ladestation von Hand eingeben zu mĂŒssen, könnten sie durch intelligente Assistenten unterstĂŒtzt werden. HierfĂŒr werden probabilistische Prognosen fĂŒr die FlexibilitĂ€t einzelner LadevorgĂ€nge basierend auf historischen LadevorgĂ€ngen und MobilitĂ€tsmustern entwickelt. DarĂŒber hinaus zeigt eine Fallstudie, dass probabilistische Prognosen besser als Punktprognosen dazu geeignet sind die Ladung mehrerer Elektrofahrzeuge zu koordinieren

    Charging electric vehicles in the smart city: A survey of economy-driven approaches

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    International audienceElectric vehicles (EVs), as their penetration increases, do not only challenge the sustainability of the power grid but also stimulate and promote its upgrading. Indeed, EVs can actively reinforce the development of the smart grid if their charging processes are properly coordinated through two-way communications, possibly benefiting all types of actors. Because grid systems involve a large number of actors with nonaligned objectives, we focus on the economic and incentive aspects, where each actor behaves in its own interest. We indeed believe that the market structure will directly impact the actors' behaviors, and as a result, the total benefits that the presence of EVs can earn in the society, hence the need for a careful design. This survey provides an overview of economic models considering unidirectional energy flows and bidirectional energy flows, i.e., with EVs temporarily providing energy to the grid. We describe and compare the main approaches, summarize the requirements on the supporting communication systems, and propose a classification to highlight the most important results and lacks
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