Characterizing the tissue of apple air-dried and osmo-air-dried rings by X-CT and OCT and relationship with ring crispness and fruit maturity at harvest measured by TRS

Air-dried apple rings were prepared from ‘Golden Delicious’ apples selected at harvest as less mature and more mature according to the absorption coefficient measured at 670 nm by time-resolved reflectance spectroscopy (TRS), stored in air for 5 months, and subjected to air-drying with (OSMO) and without (noOSMO) osmodehydration pre-treatment (60% sucrose syrup). Selected rings were submitted to microstructural analysis by X-ray computed tomography (X-CT), to subsurface structure analysis by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and to texture and sound emission analysis by bending–snapping test. Higher crispness index, higher number of sound events and higher average sound pressure level (SPL) characterized the OSMO rings. Total porosity was related to SPLav 60, pore fragmentation index to fracturability and specific surface area to the work required to snap the ring. A differentiation of the drying treatments, as well as of the products according to the TRS maturity class at harvest was obtained analyzing by principal component analysis (PCA) microstructure parameters and texture and acoustic parameters. The differences in mechanical and acoustic characteristics between OSMO and noOSMO rings were due to the different subsurface structure as found with OCT analysis

Effect of curing conditions and harvesting stage of maturity on Ethiopian onion bulb drying properties

The study was conducted to investigate the impact of curing conditions and harvesting stageson the drying quality of onion bulbs. The onion bulbs (Bombay Red cultivar) were harvested at three harvesting stages (early, optimum, and late maturity) and cured at three different temperatures (30, 40 and 50 oC) and relative humidity (30, 50 and 70%). The results revealed that curing temperature, RH, and maturity stage had significant effects on all measuredattributesexcept total soluble solids

Sistem Pakar Diagnosis Hama Dan Penyakit Bawang Merah Menggunakan Metode Dempster Shafer

Bawang merah merupakan tanaman umbi yang umum dikonsumsi masyarakat Indonesia. Bawang merah termasuk salah satu di antara tiga anggota Allium yang populer dan mempunyai nilai ekonomi tinggi. Dalam proses pembudidayaannya, bawang merah rentan terhadap serangan hama dan penyakit. Beberapa hama dan penyakit yang dapat menyerang tanaman bawang merah, yaitu: lalat penggorok daun, ulat bawang, trips, ulat tanah, layu fusarium, bercak ungu, antraknosa, virus mozaik bawang, bercak daun. Biasanya saat tanaman bawang merah terserang hama atau penyakit, petani langsung memberikan pestisida atau penanganan yang terkadang tidak sesuai dengan hama dan penyakit yang menyerang. Akibatnya penanganan yang dilakukan tidak maksimal bahkan dapat menimbulkan hama atau penyakit yang baru.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membantu petani dalam mendeteksi gejala awal serangan hama dan penyakit bawang merah agar penanganan serangan hama dan penyakit yang dilakukan lebih terarah dan maksimal. Data yang diproses yaitu 10 data serangan menggunakan metode Dempster Shafer. Metode ini mengolah data berupa gejala-gejala yang menghasilkan diagnosis berupa jenis hama dan penyakit bawang merah serta langkah penanganannya dengan tingkat akurasi 95%. Maka metode ini cocok digunakan dalam diagnosis hama dan penyakit bawang merah. Kata Kunci:  Sistem Pakar, Dempster Shafer, Diagnosis, Hama dan Penyakit Bawang Merah.Shallot is a tuber plant commonly consumed by Indonesian people. Shallot is one of the three Allium members who are popular and have high economic value. In the cultivation process, shallots are vulnerable to pests and diseases. Some pests and diseases that can attack onion plants, namely: lalat penggorok daun, ulat bawang, trips, ulat tanah, layu fusarium, bercak ungu, antraknosa, virus mozaik bawang, bercak daun. Usually when the onion plants are attacked by pests or diseases, farmers directly provide pesticides or treatments which sometimes do not match the pests and diseases that attack. As a result, handling that is not optimal can even lead to new pests or diseases. The purpose of this study is to help farmers detect early symptoms of shallot pests and diseases so that the handling of pest and disease attacks is carried out more directed and maximally. The data processed is 10 data attacks using the Dempster Shafer method. This method processes data in the form of symptoms that produce a diagnosis in the form of shallot pests and diseases and handling steps with an accuracy rate of 95%. So this method is suitable for use in the diagnosis of shallots pests and disease. Keywords: Expert System, Dempster Shafer, Diagnosis, Shallot Pests and Disease

NMR measurements for hazelnuts classification

2016 - 2017In this work, a method for the quality detection of the in-shell hazelnuts, based on the low field NMR, has been proposed. The aim of the work is to develop an in-line classification system able to detect the hidden defects of the hazelnuts. After an analysis of the hazelnut oil, carried out in order to verify the applicability of the NMR techniques and to determine some configuration parameters, the influence factors that affect these measurements in presence of solid sample instead of liquids have been analyzed. Then, the measurement algorithms were defined. The proposed classification procedure is based on the CPMG sequence and the analysis of the transverse relaxation decay. The procedure includes three different steps in which different features are detected: moisture content, kernel development and mold development. These quality parameters have been evaluated .analyzing the maximum amplitude and the second echo peak of the CPMG signal, and the T2 distribution of the relaxation decay. In order to assure high repeatability and low execution time, special attention has been put in the definition of the data processing. Finally, the realized measurement system has been characterized in terms of classification performance. In this phase, because of the reduced size of the test sample (especially for the hazelnuts with defects) a resampling method, the bootstrap, was used. [edited by Author]XVI n.s. (XXX ciclo

Agri-food 4.0: A survey of the supply chains and technologies for the future agriculture

[EN] The term "Agri-Food 4.0" is an analogy to the term Industry 4.0; coming from the concept "agriculture 4.0". Since the origins of the industrial revolution, where the steam engines started the concept of Industry 1.0 and later the use of electricity upgraded the concept to Industry 2.0, the use of technologies generated a milestone in the industry revolution by addressing the Industry 3.0 concept. Hence, Industry 4.0, it is about including and integrating the latest developments based on digital technologies as well as the interoperability process across them. This allows enterprises to transmit real-time information in terms behaviour and performance. Therefore, the challenge is to maintain these complex networked structures efficiently linked and organised within the use of such technologies, especially to identify and satisfy supply chain stakeholders dynamic requirements. In this context, the agriculture domain is not an exception although it possesses some specialities depending from the domain. In fact, all agricultural machinery incorporates electronic controls and has entered to the digital age, enhancing their current performance. In addition, electronics, using sensors and drones, support the data collection of several agriculture key aspects, such as weather, geographical spatialization, animals and crops behaviours, as well as the entire farm life cycle. However, the use of the right methods and methodologies for enhancing agriculture supply chains performance is still a challenge, thus the concept of Industry 4.0 has evolved and adapted to agriculture 4.0 in order analyse the behaviours and performance in this specific domain. Thus, the question mark on how agriculture 4.0 support a better supply chain decision-making process, or how can help to save time to farmer to make effective decision based on objective data, remains open. Therefore, in this survey, a review of more than hundred papers on new technologies and the new available supply chains methods are analysed and contrasted to understand the future paths of the Agri-Food domain.Authors of this publication acknowledge the contribution of the Project 691249, RUC-APS "Enhancing and implementing Knowledge based ICT solutions within high Risk and Uncertain Conditions for Agriculture Production Systems" (www.ruc-aps.eu), funded by the European Union under their funding scheme H2020-MSCARISE-2015.Lezoche, M.; Hernández, JE.; Alemany Díaz, MDM.; Panetto, H.; Kacprzyk, J. (2020). Agri-food 4.0: A survey of the supply chains and technologies for the future agriculture. Computers in Industry. 117:1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2020.103187S115117Ahumada, O., & Villalobos, J. R. (2009). Application of planning models in the agri-food supply chain: A review. 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Sustainable Production in Food and Agriculture Engineering

This book is a collection of original research and review papers that report on the state of the art and recent advancements in food and agriculture engineering, such as sustainable production and food technology. Encompassed within are applications in food and agriculture engineering, biosystem engineering, plant and animal production engineering, food and agricultural processing engineering, storing industry, economics and production management and agricultural farms management, agricultural machines and devices, and IT for agricultural engineering and ergonomics in agriculture