On the real impact of path inflation in networks under production

Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works. F. Mata, R. Gonzalez-Rey, J. L. García-Dorado, and J. Aracil, "On the real impact of Path Inflation in networks under production", in 8th International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC), 2012 , p. 53 - 58The research community has proved the existence and studied the root causes of Path Inflation on the Internet - end-to-end paths significantly longer than necessary. However, it has been typically ignored that the popularity of traffic destinations and, consequently, of network paths, is clearly heterogeneous - some destinations are popular while others are barely accessed. In this paper, we propose a trace-driven methodology to measure the Path Inflation accounting for the popularity of Internet destinations from a given network, thus evaluating the implications that Path Inflation exerts on real networks under production. This information is important for network operators because it allows them to objectively stand out those destinations whose connection analysis must be prioritized. The results of applying this methodology to the Spanish academic network show that the most critical regions to focus on are Spain's closest countries, which either are very popular or have large Path Inflation as a consequence of the use of transatlantic links as intermediate nodes, or both.The authors would like to thank the support of the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci´on (MICINN) to this work, under project ANFORA (TEC2009-13385) and the FPU fellowship program that has funded this research wor

The gas chain: influence of its specificities on the liberalisation process. NBB Working Papers. No. 122, 16 November 2007

Like other network industries, the European gas supply industry has been liberalised, along the lines of what has been done in the United Kingdom and the United States, by opening up to competition the upstream and downstream segments of essential transmission infrastructure. The aim of this first working paper is to draw attention to some of the stakes in the liberalisation of the gas market whose functioning cannot disregard the network infrastructure required to bring this fuel to the consumer, a feature it shares with the electricity market. However, gas also has the specific feature of being a primary energy source that must be transported from its point of extraction. Consequently, opening the upstream supply segment of the market to competition is not so obvious in the European context, because, contrary to the examples of the North American and British gas markets, these supply channels are largely in the hands of external suppliers and thus fall outside the scope of EU legislation on the liberalisation and organisation of the internal market in gas. Competition on the downstream gas supply segment must also adapt to the constraints imposed by access to the grid infrastructure, which, in the case of gas in Europe, goes hand in hand with the constraint of dependence on external suppliers. Hence the opening to competition of upstream and downstream markets is not "synchronous", a discrepancy which can weaken the impact of liberalisation. Moreover, the separation of activities necessary for ensuring free competition in some segments of the market is coupled with major changes in the way the gas chain operates, with the appearance of new markets, new price mechanisms and new intermediaries. Starting out from a situation where gas supply was in the hands of vertically-integrated operators, the new regulatory framework that has been set up must, on the one hand, ensure that competitive forces can be given free rein, and, on the other hand, that free and fair competition helps the gas chain to operate coherently, at lower cost and in the interests of consumers, for whom the stakes are high as natural gas is an important input for many industrial manufacturing processes, even a "commodity" almost of basic necessity

The monetary model of hyperinflation and the adaptive expectations: limits of the association and model validity.

This article highlights the strict association met in the literature between the adaptive expectations assumption and the correct running of the monetary model of hyperinflation. A complete resolution of the model is carried out under the adaptive expectations hypothesis. It is shown that the assumption of adaptive expectations is not sufficient to ensure the validity of the model for the explanation of monetary hyperinflation. This result raises the question of the field of validity of this model already posed by the introduction of rational expectations. The possibility of development of self-generating hyperinflationary bubbles strengthens the relevance of this question.hyperinflation, seigniorage, hyperinflationary bubbles.

Monetary hyperinflations and money essentiality.

This paper aims at drawing new guidelines for investigation of monetary hyperinflation analysis. We propose a MIUF optimizing model and show that monetary hyperinflation can occur as a perfect foresight competitive equilibrium path only when money is essential in the sense of Scheinkman (1980). This result emerges without any ad-hoc assumption implying the inclusion of friction in the adjustment of some nominal variable. It suggests that monetary hyperinflation analysis under perfect foresight requires abandoning the Cagan money demand and adopting a demand for money respecting money essentiality.monetary hyperinflation, seigniorage, inflation tax, money essentiality.

What's new about the new economy? : some lessons from the current expansion

Economic conditions - United States ; Economic stabilization