THE INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) IN DISASTER RESPONSE

Disaster management is a complex practice that relies on access to and the usability of critical information to develop strategies for effective decision-making. The emergence of wearable internet of things (IoT) technology has attracted the interests of several major industries, making it one of the fastest-growing technologies to date. This thesis asks, How can disaster management incorporate wearable IoT technology in operations and decision-making practices in disaster response? How IoT is applied in other prominent industries, including construction, manufacturing and distribution, the Department of Defense, and public safety, provides a basis for furthering its application to challenges affecting agency coordination. The critical needs of disaster intelligence in the context of hurricanes, structural collapses, and wildfires are scrutinized to identify gaps that wearable technology could address in terms of information-sharing in multi-agency coordination and the decision-making practices that routinely occur in disaster response. Last, the specifics of wearable technology from the perspective of the private consumer and commercial industry illustrate its potential to improve disaster response but also acknowledge certain limitations including technical capabilities and information privacy and security.Civilian, Virginia Beach Fire Department / FEMA - USAR VATF-2Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited

The Strategic Corporal, the Tactical General, and the Digital Coup d’oeil – Military Decision-Making and Organizational Competences in Future Military Operations

The article describes how digitalization and the wide diffusion of knowledge technologies such as the Internet of (battlefield) things, big data, and artificial intelligence, are transforming military organization and practice, deeply affecting military practitioners and command at all levels. It considers how this transformation may affect Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) through a profound alteration in the ways in which data, information, and knowledge are generated, analysed, and applied. The relation between these technologies, Multi-Domain Operations, and mission command is also explored. It is argued that this transformation presents both possibilities and challenges; these are discussed using the concepts of the strategic corporal and the tactical general. Further, the article proposes two new concepts, digital mission command and digital coup d’oeil, derived from two traditionally well-known military concepts. The article discusses the practical implications of these two new concepts and suggests ways for the military organization to move ahead when navigating future technological landscapes in which data plays a significant role

SNAP : A Software-Defined & Named-Data Oriented Publish-Subscribe Framework for Emerging Wireless Application Systems

The evolution of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) has given rise to an emergent class of CPSs defined by ad-hoc wireless connectivity, mobility, and resource constraints in computation, memory, communications, and battery power. These systems are expected to fulfill essential roles in critical infrastructure sectors. Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) and a swarm of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV swarm) are examples of such systems. The significant utility of these systems, coupled with their economic viability, is a crucial indicator of their anticipated growth in the future. Typically, the tasks assigned to these systems have strict Quality-of-Service (QoS) requirements and require sensing, perception, and analysis of a substantial amount of data. To fulfill these QoS requirements, the system requires network connectivity, data dissemination, and data analysis methods that can operate well within a system\u27s limitations. Traditional Internet protocols and methods for network connectivity and data dissemination are typically designed for well-engineering cyber systems and do not comprehensively support this new breed of emerging systems. The imminent growth of these CPSs presents an opportunity to develop broadly applicable methods that can meet the stated system requirements for a diverse range of systems and integrate these systems with the Internet. These methods could potentially be standardized to achieve interoperability among various systems of the future. This work presents a solution that can fulfill the communication and data dissemination requirements of a broad class of emergent CPSs. The two main contributions of this work are the Application System (APPSYS) system abstraction, and a complementary communications framework called the Software-Defined NAmed-data enabled Publish-Subscribe (SNAP) communication framework. An APPSYS is a new breed of Internet application representing the mobile and resource-constrained CPSs supporting data-intensive and QoS-sensitive safety-critical tasks, referred to as the APPSYS\u27s mission. The functioning of the APPSYS is closely aligned with the needs of the mission. The standard APPSYS architecture is distributed and partitions the system into multiple clusters where each cluster is a hierarchical sub-network. The SNAP communication framework within the APPSYS utilized principles of Information-Centric Networking (ICN) through the publish-subscribe communication paradigm. It further extends the role of brokers within the publish-subscribe paradigm to create a distributed software-defined control plane. The SNAP framework leverages the APPSYS design characteristics to provide flexible and robust communication and dynamic and distributed control-plane decision-making that successfully allows the APPSYS to meet the communication requirements of data-oriented and QoS-sensitive missions. In this work, we present the design, implementation, and performance evaluation of an APPSYS through an exemplar UAV swarm APPSYS. We evaluate the benefits offered by the APPSYS design and the SNAP communication framework in meeting the dynamically changed requirements of a data-intensive and QoS-sensitive Coordinated Search and Tracking (CSAT) mission operating in a UAV swarm APPSYS on the battlefield. Results from the performance evaluation demonstrate that the UAV swarm APPSYS successfully monitors and mitigates network impairment impacting a mission\u27s QoS to support the mission\u27s QoS requirements

Negative Multiplicity: Forecasting the Future Impact of Emerging Technologies on International Stability and Human Security

We asked 30 experts to forecast the developmental trajectories of twelve emerging technologies in the United States, Russia, and China until 2040 and to score their possible future impact on arms race stability, crisis stability, and humanitarian principles. The results reveal that, on average, their impact is expected to be negative, with some technologies negatively affecting all three dependent variables. We used a machine learning algorithm to cluster the technologies according to their anticipated impact. This process identified technology clusters comprised of diverse high-impact technologies that share key impact characteristics but do not necessarily share technical characteristics. We refer to these combined effects as ‘negative multiplicity’, reflecting the predominantly negative, concurrent, and in some cases similar, first- and second-order effects that emerging technologies are expected to have on international stability and human security. The expected alignment of the technology development trajectories of the United States, Russia, and China by 2040, in combination with the negative environment created by geopolitical competition, points to a nascent technological arms race that threatens to seriously impede international arms control efforts to regulate emerging technologies

ELECTRONIC JURISDICTION, METAVERSE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, DIGITAL PERSONALITY, DIGITAL AVATAR, NEURAL NETWORKS: THEORY, PRACTICE, PERSPECTIVE

Scientific and technological revolution 4.0 (The Fourth Industrial Revolution) has created a huge window of opportunity for a variety of creative technologies. At the same time it launched the emergence and development of modern social relations in the electronic space - the metaverse. In fact, today all the prerequisites for the scientific and technological revolution 5.0 and social revolution 5.0, which radically changes the role of human in the social structure, while changing the social structure, creating new social groups, social institutions, electronic ecosystems and metaverse. Modern social relations in the electronic space are multi-vector and can be divided according to the variety of objects, subjects and characteristics of the relationship between them, namely: the subjective and object basis of identification of social relations. Thus, the subjective basis for the identification of social relations is the social communities of people, and the object one is information and communication technologies and its products. Legal science is a social science, as it performs gnoseological and heuristic functions that determine the direction of scientific research and scientific predictions, studying the relations between people, groups of people, people and state institutions. The results of research are practical improvement of legislation on a scientific basis, development of draft normative legal acts, scientific examinations, etc.However, the current practice indicates that modern laws are created very slowly, without necessary and sufficient detaliztion of terms and basic concepts.It is difficult to overestimate the correctness, accuracy and consistency with the current legislation of definitions of legal terms. Unfortunately, the current legislation is unable to regulate public relations, which are rapidly evolving in the electronic space using digital technologies, artificial intelligence, Internet of Things (IoT), digital identity, digital avatars and other technologies, especially those that may restrict human rights and freedom. In fact, along with the creation of new social relations in the metaverse, it is necessary to create an electronic jurisdiction - the scope of application of opportunities by the subject of competence or the sphere to which the right applies.The author’s definitions "metaverse (cyberspace)", "electronic avatar", "electronic personality", "electronic jurisdiction", "cybercrime", "kidnapping of electronic avatar or electronic personality", "artificial intelligence" and "neural networks" are proposed in the article.Six postulates of the main directions of development of social relations with the use of technologies of the metaverse, artificial intelligence, artificial neural networks, robotic systems, medical and military lost products and devices are formed.Proposals for the creation of a comprehensive electronic jurisdiction, conceptual and categorical apparatus, definition of subjects and objects, rights, duties and responsibilities in the metaverse and in the use of artificial intelligence technologies, artificial neural networks, robots, etc. are provided.Scientific and technological revolution 4.0 (The Fourth Industrial Revolution) has created a huge window of opportunity for a variety of creative technologies. At the same time it launched the emergence and development of modern social relations in the electronic space - the metaverse. In fact, today all the prerequisites for the scientific and technological revolution 5.0 and social revolution 5.0, which radically changes the role of human in the social structure, while changing the social structure, creating new social groups, social institutions, electronic ecosystems and metaverse. Modern social relations in the electronic space are multi-vector and can be divided according to the variety of objects, subjects and characteristics of the relationship between them, namely: the subjective and object basis of identification of social relations. Thus, the subjective basis for the identification of social relations is the social communities of people, and the object one is information and communication technologies and its products. Legal science is a social science, as it performs gnoseological and heuristic functions that determine the direction of scientific research and scientific predictions, studying the relations between people, groups of people, people and state institutions. The results of research are practical improvement of legislation on a scientific basis, development of draft normative legal acts, scientific examinations, etc.However, the current practice indicates that modern laws are created very slowly, without necessary and sufficient detaliztion of terms and basic concepts.It is difficult to overestimate the correctness, accuracy and consistency with the current legislation of definitions of legal terms. Unfortunately, the current legislation is unable to regulate public relations, which are rapidly evolving in the electronic space using digital technologies, artificial intelligence, Internet of Things (IoT), digital identity, digital avatars and other technologies, especially those that may restrict human rights and freedom. In fact, along with the creation of new social relations in the metaverse, it is necessary to create an electronic jurisdiction - the scope of application of opportunities by the subject of competence or the sphere to which the right applies.The author’s definitions "metaverse (cyberspace)", "electronic avatar", "electronic personality", "electronic jurisdiction", "cybercrime", "kidnapping of electronic avatar or electronic personality", "artificial intelligence" and "neural networks" are proposed in the article.Six postulates of the main directions of development of social relations with the use of technologies of the metaverse, artificial intelligence, artificial neural networks, robotic systems, medical and military lost products and devices are formed.Proposals for the creation of a comprehensive electronic jurisdiction, conceptual and categorical apparatus, definition of subjects and objects, rights, duties and responsibilities in the metaverse and in the use of artificial intelligence technologies, artificial neural networks, robots, etc. are provided

Improving Basic Cadet Training for Changing Environment: Case Study at the Korea Air Force Academy

Increasing uncertainty, such as Covid-19 and weather changes, threatens BCT (Basic Cadet Training) at ROKAFA (Republic of Korea Air Force Academy). In preparation for the changing and adverse environment, this study carried out the following steps to propose a system improvement utilizing LVC (Live, Virtual, Constructive) in BCT system at ROKAFA; 1) Researching the examples of BCT and LVC by advanced countries, 2) Analyzing BCT (ROKAFA) through systems approach (document analysis, survey of 140 cadets and officers, written interviews with military experts), 3) Applying LVC to BCT. BCT is a vital step in the transition from civilian to military status (ROKAFA, 2022), which has significant components such as the environment, its plan, the motivation of trainees, and training instructors. A review of BCT systems of the United States, Japan, the United Kingdom, and Sweden revealed that South Korea and the United States are the most similar. After analyzing BCT through the systems approach, it was identified that BCT has no alternative training despite time constraints (4 weeks). Besides, 87.9% of trainees and instructors experienced changes in BCT plan, and 4.86 ( \u3e 4: Neutral) agreed with improvement in BCT. There was a significant correlation between negative emotions when changing training plans and the desire to improve BCT; the correlation coefficient (r) is 0.317 (p-value \u3c 0.001). Respondents provided positive feedback ( \u3e 4: Neutral) on nine of the 14 LVC training cases that would be applied to BCT, with Q25 (formerly Eagle training, not conducted since 2002) being ranked as the most needed training with a score of 4.74. Military experts advised considering the training development needed for Korea Air Force Academy cadets, system development through a long-term plan, and cost-effectiveness when applying LVC to BCT. The application of LVC in military training is inevitable because it is a proactive alternative training to prepare for the future and guide the way forward, and many advanced countries have already recognized the importance of LVC and are using it for the future military. In addition, LVC enables the accumulation of data to personalize the training data of Korea Air Force cadets even after enrollment. There are limitations of this study that need to be overcome, such as increasing the awareness of LVC among participants, performing Heuristic decision analysis when choosing alternative plans (Blanchard, 2014), and confirming the actual effect of LVC before and after its application