2,113 research outputs found
An Empirical Study on Collective Intelligence Algorithms for Video Games Problem-Solving
Computational intelligence (CI), such as evolutionary computation or swarm intelligence methods, is a set of bio-inspired algorithms that have been widely used to solve problems in areas like planning, scheduling or constraint satisfaction problems. Constrained satisfaction problems (CSP) have taken an important attention from the research community due to their applicability to real problems. Any CSP problem is usually modelled as a constrained graph where the edges represent a set of restrictions that must be verified by the variables (represented as nodes in the graph) which will define the solution of the problem. This paper studies the performance of two particular CI algorithms, ant colony optimization (ACO) and genetic algorithms (GA), when dealing with graph-constrained models in video games problems. As an application domain, the "Lemmings" video game has been selected, where a set of lemmings must reach the exit point of each level. In order to do that, each level is represented as a graph where the edges store the allowed movements inside the world. The goal of the algorithms is to assign the best skills in each position on a particular level, to guide the lemmings to reach the exit. The paper describes how the ACO and GA algorithms have been modelled and applied to the selected video game. Finally, a complete experimental comparison between both algorithms, based on the number of solutions found and the levels solved, is analysed to study the behaviour of those algorithms in the proposed domain
Using Ant Colonization Optimization to Control Difficulty in Video Game AI.
Ant colony optimization (ACO) is an algorithm which simulates ant foraging behavior. When ants search for food they leave pheromone trails to tell other ants which paths to take to find food. ACO has been adapted to many different problems in computer science: mainly variations on shortest path algorithms for graphs and networks.
ACO can be adapted to work as a form of communication between separate agents in a video game AI. By controlling the effectiveness of this communication, the difficulty of the game should be able to be controlled. Experimentation has shown that ACO works effectively as a form of communication between agents and supports that ACO is an effective form of difficulty control. However, further experimentation is needed to definitively show that ACO is effective at controlling difficulty and to show that it will also work in a large scale system
A new ant colony optimization model for complex graph-based problems
Tesis doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Escuela Politécnica Superior, Departamento de Ingeniería Informática. Fecha de lectura: julio de 2014Nowadays, there is a huge number of problems that due to their complexity have
employed heuristic-based algorithms to search for near-to-optimal (or even optimal)
solutions. These problems are usually NP-complete, so classical algorithms are not
the best candidates to address these problems because they need a large amount of
computational resources, or they simply cannot find any solution when the problem
grows. Some classical examples of these kind of problems are the Travelling Salesman
Problem (TSP) or the N-Queens problem. It is also possible to find examples in real and
industrial domains related to the optimization of complex problems, like planning,
scheduling, Vehicle Routing Problems (VRP), WiFi network Design Problem (WiFiDP)
or behavioural pattern identification, among others.
Regarding to heuristic-based algorithms, two well-known paradigms are Swarm
Intelligence and Evolutionary Computation. Both paradigms belongs to a subfield
from Artificial Intelligence, named Computational Intelligence that also contains
Fuzzy Systems, Artificial Neural Networks and Artificial Immune Systems areas.
Swarm Intelligence (SI) algorithms are focused on the collective behaviour of selforganizing
systems. These algorithms are characterized by the generation of collective
intelligence from non-complex individual behaviour and the communication schemes
amongst them. Some examples of SI algorithms are particle swarm optimization, ant
colony optimization (ACO), bee colony optimization o bird flocking.
Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) are based on the foraging behaviour of these insects.
In these kind of algorithms, the ants take different decisions during their execution
that allows them to build their own solution to the problem. Once any ant has
finished its execution, the ant goes back through the followed path and it deposits,
in the environment, pheromones that contains information about the built solution.
These pheromones will influence the decision of future ants, so there is an indirect
communication through the environment called stigmergy.
When an ACO algorithm is applied to any of the optimization problems just described,
the problem is usually modelled into a graph. Nevertheless, the classical graph-based
representation is not the best one for the execution of ACO algorithms because it
presents some important pitfalls. The first one is related to the polynomial, or even
exponential, growth of the resulting graph. The second pitfall is related to those
problems that needs from real variables because these problems cannot be modelled
using the classical graph-based representation.
On the other hand, Evolutionary Computation (EC) are a set of population-based
algorithms based in the Darwinian evolutionary process. In this kind of algorithms
there is one (or more) population composed by different individuals that represent a
possible solution to the problem. For each iteration, the population evolves by the use
of evolutionary procedures which means that better individuals (i.e. better solutions)
are generated along the execution of the algorithm. Both kind of algorithms, EC
and SI, have been traditionally applied in previous NP-hard problems. Different
population-based strategies have been developed, compared and even combined to
design hybrid algorithms.
This thesis has been focused on the analysis of classical graph-based representations
and its application in ACO algorithms into complex problems, and the development of
a new ACO model that tries to take a step forward in this kind of algorithms. In this
new model, the problem is represented using a reduced graph that affects to the ants
behaviour, which becomes more complex. Also, this size reduction generates a fast
growth in the number of pheromones created. For this reason, a new metaheuristic
(called Oblivion Rate) has been designed to control the number of pheromones stored
in the graph.
In this thesis different metaheuristics have been designed for the proposed system
and their performance have been compared. One of these metaheuristics is the
Oblivion Rate, based on an exponential function that takes into account the number
of pheromones created in the system. Other Oblivion Rate function is based on a bioinspired
swarm algorithm that uses some concepts extracted from the evolutionary
algorithms. This bio-inspired swarm algorithm is called Coral Reef Opmization (CRO)
algorithm and it is based on the behaviour of the corals in a reef.
Finally, to test and validate the proposed model, different domains have been used
such as the N-Queens Problem, the Resource-Constraint Project Scheduling Problem,
the Path Finding problem in Video Games, or the Behavioural Pattern Identification
in users. In some of these domains, the performance of the proposed model has been
compared against a classical Genetic Algorithm to provide a comparative study and
perform an analytical comparison between both approaches.En la actualidad, existen un gran número de problemas que debido a su complejidad
necesitan algoritmos basados en heurísticas para la búsqueda de solucionas subóptimas
(o incluso óptimas). Normalmente, estos problemas presentan una complejidad
NP-completa, por lo que los algoritmos clásicos de búsqueda de soluciones no son
apropiados ya que necesitan una gran cantidad de recursos computacionales, o simplemente,
no son capaces de encontrar alguna solución cuando el problema crece. Ejemplos
clásicos de este tipo de problemas son el problema del vendedor viajero (o TSP
del inglés Travelling Salesman Problem) o el problema de las N-reinas. También se
pueden encontrar ejemplos en dominios reales o industriales que generalmente están
ligados a temas de optimización de sistemas complejos, como pueden ser problemas de
planificación, scheduling, problemas de enrutamiento de vehículos (o VRP del inglés
Vehicle Routing Problem), el diseño de redes Wifi abiertas (o WiFiDP del inglés WiFi
network Design Problem), o la identificación de patrones de comportamiento, entre
otros.
En lo referente a los algoritmos basados en heuristicas, dos paradigmas muy
conocidos son los algoritmos de enjambre (Swarm Intelligence) y la computación
evolutiva (Evolutionary Computation). Ambos paradigmas pertencen al subárea de la
Inteligencia Artificial denominada Inteligencia Computacional, que además contiene
los sistemas difusos, redes neuronales y sistemas inmunológicos artificiales.
Los algoritmos de inteligencia de enjambre, o Swarm Intelligence, se centran en
el comportamiento colectivo de sistemas auto-organizativos. Estos algoritmos se
caracterizan por la generación de inteligencia colectiva a partir del comportamiento,
no muy complejo, de los individuos y los esquemas de comunicación entre ellos.
Algunos ejemplos son particle swarm optimization, ant colony optimization (ACO),
bee colony optimization o bird flocking.
Los algoritmos de colonias de hormigas (o ACO del inglés Ant Colony Optimization)
se basan en el comportamiento de estos insectos en el proceso de recolección de
comida. En este tipo de algoritmos, las hormigas van tomando decisiones a lo largo
de la simulación que les permiten construir su propia solución al problema. Una
vez que una hormiga termina su ejecución, deshace el camino andado depositando en
el entorno feronomas que contienen información sobre la solución construida. Estas
feromonas influirán en las decisiones de futuras hormigas, por lo que produce una
comunicación indirecta utilizando el entorno. A este proceso se le llama estigmergia.
Cuando un algoritmo de hormigas se aplica a alguno de los problemas de optimización
descritos anteriormente, se suele modelar el problema como un grafo sobre el cual
se ejecutarán las hormigas. Sin embargo, la representación basada en grafos
clásica no parece ser la mejor para la ejecución de algoritmos de hormigas porque
presenta algunos problemas importantes. El primer problema está relacionado con
el crecimiento polinómico, o incluso expnomencial, del grafo resultante. El segundo
problema tiene que ver con los problemas que necesitan de variables reales, o de coma
flotante, porque estos problemas, con la representación tradicional basada en grafos,
no pueden ser modelados.
Por otro lado, los algoritmos evolutivos (o EC del inglés Evolutionary Computation)
son un tipo de algoritmos basados en población que están inspirados en el
proceso evolutivo propuesto por Darwin. En este tipo de algoritmos, hay una, o
varias, poblaciones compuestas por individuos diferentes que representan problems
solutiones al problema modelado. Por cada iteración, la población evoluciona mediante
el uso de procedimientos evolutivos, lo que significa que mejores individuos (mejores
soluciones) son creados a lo largo de la ejecución del algoritmo. Ambos tipos de
algorithmos, EC y SI, han sido tradicionalmente aplicados a los problemas NPcompletos
descritos anteriormente. Diferentes estrategias basadas en población han
sido desarrolladas, comparadas e incluso combinadas para el diseño de algoritmos
híbridos.
Esta tesis se ha centrado en el análisis de los modelos clásicos de representación
basada en grafos de problemas complejos para la posterior ejecución de algoritmos
de colonias de hormigas y el desarrollo de un nuevo modelo de hormigas que pretende
suponer un avance en este tipo de algoritmos. En este nuevo modelo, los problemas
son representados en un grafo más compacto que afecta al comportamiento de las
hormigas, el cual se vuelve más complejo. Además, esta reducción en el tamaño
del grafo genera un rápido crecimiento en el número de feronomas creadas. Por
esta razón, una nueva metaheurística (llamada Oblivion Rate) ha sido diseñada para
controlar el número de feromonas almacenadas en el grafo.
En esta tesis, varias metaheuristicas han sido diseñadas para el sistema propuesto y
sus rendimientos han sido comparados. Una de estas metaheurísticas es la Oblivion
Rate basada en una función exponencial que tiene en cuenta el número de feromonas
creadas en el sistema. Otra Oblivion Rate está basada en un algoritmo de enjambre
bio-inspirado que usa algunos conceptos extraídos de la computación evolutiva. Este
algoritmo de enjambre bio-inspirado se llama Optimización de arrecifes de corales (o
CRO del inglés Coral Reef Optimization) y está basado en el comportamiento de los
corales en el arrecife.
Finalmente, para validar y testear el modelo propuesto, se han utilizado diversos
dominios de aplicación como son el problema de las N-reinas, problemas de
planificación de proyectos con restricciones de recursos, problemas de búsqueda de
caminos en entornos de videojuegos y la identificación de patrones de comportamiento
de usuarios. En algunos de estos dominios, el rendimiento del modelo propuesto
ha sido comparado contra un algoritmo genético clásico para realizar un estudio
comparativo, y analítico, entre ambos enfoques
Mobile Robot Path Finding using Nature Inspired Algorithms - A Review
In today’s world, Mobile Robot has been widely used for various purposes across several aspects of life. The environments could be static and dynamic. Path planning for mobile robot is a very important problem in robotics. Path Planning for robot could be referred to the determination of a path; a robot takes in to perform a task given a set of key inputs. To find the best and optimal path from the starting point to the goal point, such that time and distance is reduce, in any given environment avoiding collision with obstacles is an interesting area for research. This research presents a review on the application of nature inspired algorithms in solving the problem of mobile robot path planning such that the robot reaches the target station from source station without collision with obstacles. The future of these nature-inspired algorithms on mobile robot is also discussed
Path planning for general mazes
Path planning is used in, but not limited to robotics, telemetry, aerospace, and medical applications. The goal of the path planning is to identify a route from an origination point to a destination point while avoiding obstacles. This path might not always be the shortest in distance as time, terrain, speed limits, and many other factors can affect the optimality of the path. However, in this thesis, the length, computational time, and the smoothness of the path are the only constraints that will be considered with the length of the path being the most important. There are a variety of algorithms that can be used for path planning but Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), Neural Network, and A* will be the only algorithms explored in this thesis. The problem of solving general mazes has been greatly researched, but the contributions of this thesis extended Ant Colony Optimization to path planning for mazes, created a new landscape for the Neural Network to use, and added a bird\u27s eye view to the A* Algorithm. The Ant Colony Optimization that was used in this thesis was able to discover a path to the goal, but it was jagged and required a larger computational time compared to the Neural Network and A* algorithm discussed in this thesis. The Hopfield-type neural network used in this thesis propagated energy to create a landscape and used gradient decent to find the shortest path in terms of distance, but this thesis modified how the landscape was created to prevent the neural network from getting trapped in local minimas. The last contribution was applying a bird\u27s eye view to the A* algorithm to learn more about the environment which helped to create shorter and smoother paths
Autonomous Cognitive Leveling Game Pada Serious Game Menggunakan Particle Swarm Optimization
Abstract. Serious games containing the pedagogical aspects and as part of the device/media e-learning support the learning process. Besides, the learning method uses the game are better than the conventional learning, because learning materials that involve animation in the game will enable long-term memory of students. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) method offers a search procedure based on a population consisting of individuals called particles that change their position with respect to time. PSO, by way of initializing the position and velocity of a particle, calculates the fitness function of the solution and updates the position and velocity of a particle to a stop condition are found. The design of PSO on the problem of autonomous cognitive levels of the game on a serious game with a permutation is proposed by using the fitness function the distance between xi+1 (cognitive level game) with xi (cognitive pre-test). The expected outcome of this research is the sequence of levels completed in accordance with the needs of the learner.Keywords: Serious game, cognitive, pso Abstrak. Serious game sangat mendukung proses pembelajaran melalui permainan yang mengandung aspek pedagogis dan merupakan bagian dari alat/media e-learning. Selain itu metode pembelajaran menggunakan permainan lebih baik dibandingkan dengan pembelajaran konvensional, karena animasi materi pembelajaran dalam permainan akan mengaktifkan ingatan jangka panjang siswa.Metode particle swarm optimization (PSO) menawarkan suatu prosedur pencarian berdasar pada populasi yang terdiri atas individu-individu yang disebut partikel, mengubah posisi mereka terhadap waktu. PSO dengan cara melakukan inisialisasi posisi dan kecepatan particle, menghitung fungsi fitness dari solusi dan mengupdate posisi dan kecepatan particle sampai kondisi berhenti ditemukan.Perancanagan PSO pada permasalahan autonomus cognitive level game pada serious game diusulkan menggunakan permutasi dengan fungsi fitness jarak antara xi+1(cognitive level game) dengan xi (cognitive pre-test).Hasil yang diharapkan dari penelitian ini adalah adanya urutan level game yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan pembelajar.Kata Kunci: Serious game, cognitive, pso
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