Impact Of The Taxpayer Understanding And Awareness, Tax Sanctions, Fiscus Services, E-Filing System On Taxpayer Compliance In Jakarta During The Covid-19 Pandemic

  Objective – The objective of this paper is to examine the ways understanding and aware of taxpayers are regarding understanding and awareness of taxes, penalties, tax authorities, and electronic filing systems for taxpayers regarding taxpayer compliance in the DKI Jakarta area.. Design/methodology – The method of this study is quantitative. As part of this quantitative study, it is not in the form of statistics, but through the process of collecting data by distributing questionnaires and using sampling methods that aim to eliminate the problem of extensive data collection to make population conclusions so that data collection will be practical, cost-effective and convenient. The sampling technique is measurement model analysis in the outer model and structural model analysis in the inner model employing SmartPLS 3 Multivariate Structural Equation Model (SEM). Results – Partially the findings of this research suggest that the electronic filing system affects taxpayer compliance. Understanding and awareness of taxpayers has tax sanctions have had no effect on taxpayer compliance no effect on tax authorities' and taxpayers' compliance services have no effect on taxpayer compliance. The square root of R, or R2 simultaneously is 0.504 or 50.4%, This indicates that factors that influence compliance by taxpayers understanding and awareness of taxpayers, tax sanctions, tax authorities and e-filing systems of 50.4%. The contribution of this research shows that the electronic filing system a impact on compliance by taxpayers, in this instance taxpayers must learn more about taxes and the government must provide education and an adequate system for taxpayers. Research limitations/implications – The weakness of this study is that the number of respondents who are taxpayers registered at the DKI Jakarta KPP is still limited and does not represent the sample as a whole. The implication is that conclusions cannot be generalized and cannot be used as the main reference The number of taxpayers during a pandemic situation was reluctant to report and pay taxes, this had an impact on the level of compliance Novelty/Originality – The novelty of this study is that there are samples taken from the Covid pandemic, the variables of awareness and concern use different indicators

Creating value in Wielkopolska listed companies

Artykuł przedstawia wyniki badania przeprowadzonego na wielkopolskich spółkach giełdowych. W pracy zbadano problem, czy podmioty te budują wartość, czy przekazują ją właścicielom, czy efekty budowy wartości są skorelowane z efektami przekazanymi właścicielom, jak również wskazano główne determinanty zmian wartości przedsiębiorstwa. Wyniki badania pokazują, że większość spółek giełdowych z Wielkopolski nie budowała wartości przedsiębiorstwa w analizowanym okresie, co oznacza, że wygenerowane przez nie stopy zwrotu były niższe od kosztu kapitału. Analizowane spółki zwiększały majątek swoich właścicieli w średnim ujęciu tylko w 2010 i 2013 r. Oznacza to, że w latach 2011-2012 całkowity zwrot dla akcjonariuszy wygenerowany przez wielkopolskie spółki giełdowe był niższy od oczekiwanego. Stwierdzić jednak trzeba, że analizowane podmioty wykazywały duże zróżnicowanie w badanym okresie zarówno pod względem względnego zysku ekonomicznego, jak i miernika CSVspread. Analiza danych charakteryzujących wielkopolskie spółki giełdowe wykazała dość silną i istotną statystycznie korelację między wynikami budowy wartości przedsiębiorstwa a rezultatami jej transferu do właścicieli tylko w 2012 r. W pozostałych latach zależność ta była słaba i nieistotna statystycznie. Analiza przyczynowa wykazała, że w największym stopniu zmiany zysku ekonomicznego w badanym okresie wyjaśniają zmiany zysku brutto. Wpływ pozostałych zmiennych, tj. kapitału własnego, efektywnej stopy podatku dochodowego i kosztu kapitału własnego jest znacznie mniejszy.The article presents the findings of research conducted into companies from the Wielkopolska region listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WS E). The study explores whether these entities create value and transfer it to the shareholders, and whether the effects of the value creation process are correlated with value transfer to shareholders. The study also identifies the main determinants of corporate value changes.The results show that most companies from the Wielkopolska region listed on WS E did not create corporate value in the analysed period. This means that returns on equity generated by them was lower than the cost of capital.Companies from the Wielkopolska region listed on the WS E transferred value to their shareholders, on average, in 2010 and 2013 which means that in 2011 and 2012 the total shareholder return generated by those companies was lower than expected. However the study shows large diversity among analysed companies in terms of relative economic profit (REP) as well as created shareholder value spread (CS Vspread). Analysis of the data  indicates a low correlation between REP and CS Vspread variables among the analysed companies in 2010-11 and 2013. Only year 2012 showed a relatively strong and statistically significant correlation between variables REPand CS Vspread. Analysis showed that the most important determinant of changes in economic profit is gross profit. The influence of other variables, i.e. equity, the effective income tax rate andthe cost of equity is much smaller

Optimal Carbon Taxes for Emissions Targets in the Electricity Sector

The most dangerous effects of anthropogenic climate change can be mitigated by using emissions taxes or other regulatory interventions to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This paper takes a regulatory viewpoint and describes the Weighted Sum Bisection method to determine the lowest emission tax rate that can reduce the anticipated emissions of the power sector below a prescribed, regulatorily-defined target. This bi-level method accounts for a variety of operating conditions via stochastic programming and remains computationally tractable for realistically large planning test systems, even when binary commitment decisions and multi-period constraints on conventional generators are considered. Case studies on a modified ISO New England test system demonstrate that this method reliably finds the minimum tax rate that meets emissions targets. In addition, it investigates the relationship between system investments and the tax-setting process. Introducing GHG emissions taxes increases the value proposition for investment in new cleaner generation, transmission, and energy efficiency; conversely, investing in these technologies reduces the tax rate required to reach a given emissions target

Modeling continuous-time financial markets with capital gains taxes

We formulate a model of continuous-time financial market consisting of a bank account with constant interest rate and one risky asset subject to capital gains taxes. We consider the problem of maximizing expected utility from future consumption in infinite horizon. This is the continuous-time version of the model introduced by Dammon, Spatt and Zhang [11]. The taxation rule is linear so that it allows for tax credits when capital gains losses are experienced. In this context, wash sales are optimal. Our main contribution is to derive lower and upper bounds on the value function in terms of the corresponding value in a tax-free and frictionless model. While the upper bound corresponds to the value function in a tax-free model, the lower bound is a consequence of wash sales. As an important implication of these bounds, we derive an explicit first order expansion of our value function for small interest rate and tax rate coefficients. In order to examine the accuracy of this approximation, we provide a characterization of the value function in terms of the associated dynamic programming equation, and we suggest a numerical approximation scheme based on finite differences and the Howard algorithm. The numerical results show that the first order Taylor expansion is reasonably accurate for reasonable market data

Tax compliance with uncertain income: a stochastic control model

This paper examines the compliance behaviour of a taxpayer endowed with a stochastic income, taking into account dynamical factors as public and private investments, within a stochastic control framework. Assuming logarithmic utilities and thanks to a suitable rewrite of the problem, we provide an existence and uniqueness result for the solution of the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation associated to the control problem, and we rely on a symbolic and numerical algorithm to study its solution. Moreover, we implement a Monte Carlo simulation in order to determine an estimate of the mean and the variance of the total declared income together with a confidence interval. To illustrate how the method works, we present a computational example where we assign values to the parameters. In this case we perform a sensitivity analysis, showing how the total declared income is affected by public and private investments, probability of being discovered, fine, tax rate and income uncertainty

How unobservable bond positions in retirement accounts affect asset allocation

Many tax-codes around the world allow for special taxable treatment of savings in retirement accounts. In particular, profits in retirement accounts are usually tax exempt which allow investors to increase an asset’s return by holding it in such a retirement account. While the existing literature on asset location shows that risk-free bonds are usually the preferred asset to hold in a retirement account, we explain how the tax exemption of profits in retirement accounts affects private investors’ asset allocation. We show that total final wealth can be decomposed into what the investor would have earned in a taxable account and what is due to the tax exemption of profits in the retirement account. The tax exemption of profits can thus be considered a tax-gift which is similar to an implicit bond holding. As this tax-gift’s impact on total final wealth decreases over time, so does the investor’s equity exposure