787 research outputs found
Meta-level argumentation framework for representing and reasoning about disagreement
The contribution of this thesis is to the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI), specifically
to the sub-field called knowledge engineering. Knowledge engineering involves the
computer representation and use of the knowledge and opinions of human experts.In real world controversies, disagreements can be treated as opportunities for
exploring the beliefs and reasoning of experts via a process called argumentation.
The central claim of this thesis is that a formal computer-based framework for
argumentation is a useful solution to the problem of representing and reasoning with
multiple conflicting viewpoints.The problem which this thesis addresses is how to represent arguments in domains in
which there is controversy and disagreement between many relevant points of view.
The reason that this is a problem is that most knowledge based systems are founded in
logics, such as first order predicate logic, in which inconsistencies must be eliminated
from a
theory in order for meaningful inference to be possible from it.I argue that it is possible to devise an argumentation framework by describing one
(FORA : Framework for Opposition and Reasoning about Arguments). FORA
contains a language for representing the views of multiple experts who disagree or
have differing opinions. FORA also contains a suite of software tools which can
facilitate debate, exploration of multiple viewpoints, and construction and revision of
knowledge bases which are challenged by opposing opinions or evidence.A fundamental part of this thesis is the claim that arguments are meta-level structures
which describe the relationships between statements contained in knowledge bases. It
is important to make a clear distinction between representations in knowledge bases
(the object-level) and representations of the arguments implicit in knowledge bases
(the meta-level). FORA has been developed to make this distinction clear and its main
benefit is that the argument representations are independent of the object-level
representation language. This is useful because it facilitates integration of arguments
from multiple sources using different representation languages, and because it enables
knowledge engineering decisions to be made about how to structure arguments and
chains of reasoning, independently of object-level representation decisions.I argue that abstract argument representations are useful because they can facilitate a
variety of knowledge engineering tasks. These include knowledge acquisition;
automatic abstraction from existing formal knowledge bases; and construction, rerepresentation,
evaluation and criticism of object-level knowledge bases. Examples
of software tools contained within FORA are used to illustrate these uses of
argumentation structures. The utility of a meta-level framework for argumentation,
and FORA in particular, is demonstrated in terms of an important real world
controversy concerning the health risks of a group of toxic compounds called
aflatoxins
An Approach to Conceptualisation and Semantic Knowledge: Some Preliminary Observations
The paper below takes up the question of whether it is possible to transfer the notion of ‘semantic knowledge’—as a human process of making language generate and confer meanings—to machines, which have as one of their properties the capability of handling high amounts of information. This issue is presented in an extended introduction to the paper’s account of and solutions to this intricate problem. Thereafter, the theoretical notion of ‘knowledge’ is considered in its philosophical, and thereby scientific, context, and the basis of its modern import is pointed to being Immanuel Kant’s deliberations on a priori vs. a posteriori knowledge. The author’s solution to the predicament of modern ideas about knowledge is the proposed theory of Occurrence Logic, invented by the author, which abandons truth-values from valid reasoning, and this approach is briefly accounted for. It presupposes a theoretical model of human cognitive systems, and the author has such a model under development which, in the future, may be able to solve the question of what ‘semantic knowledge’ actually is. So far, the theoretical account in this paper points to the critical issue of whether natural language semantics can be grasped as words explaining words or must include the connection between words and objects in the world. The author is in favour of the last option. This leads to the question of the functions of the human brain as the organ connecting words with the outer world. The idea of the so-called ‘predictive brain’ is referred to as a possible solution to the brain/cognition issue, and the paper concludes with a suggestion that an emulation of the interaction between the mentioned cognitive systems may cast some new light on the field of Artificial Intelligence
Modelling causal reasoning
PhDAlthough human causal reasoning is widely acknowledged as an object
of scientific enquiry, there is little consensus on an appropriate measure
of progress. Up-to-date evidence of the standard method of research in
the field shows that this method has been rejected at the birth of modern
science.
We describe an instance of the standard scientific method for modelling
causal reasoning (causal calculators). The method allows for uniform
proofs of three relevant computational properties: correctness of the model
with respect to the intended model, full abstraction of the model (function)
with respect to the equivalence of reasoning scenarios (input), and formal
relations of equivalence and subsumption between models. The method
extends and exploits the systematic paradigm [Handbook of Logic in Artificial
Intelligence and Logic Programming, volume IV, p. 439-498, Oxford 1995] to
fit with our interpretation of it.
Using the described method, we present results for some major models,
with an updated summary spanning seventy-two years of research in the
field
Fuzzy expert systems in civil engineering
Imperial Users onl
Palaeontological reflections on the Tractatus
A collection of discussions of possible influences on Wittgenstein when he was writing the Tractatus, includes treatments of Reinach and Meinong
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