161 research outputs found

    Formal Specification and Verification of Knowledge and its Application

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    Software muß zuverlĂ€ssiger werden. Es ist allgemein anerkannt, daß formale Methoden, sofern sie richtig angewandt werden, die Sicherheit und StabilitĂ€t von Software verbessern können. Jedoch werden formale Methoden noch selten fĂŒr industrielle Projekte genutzt. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Untersuchung, ob und wie Methoden, Werkzeuge und Ergebnisse aus dem Bereich der Wissensrepr Ă€sentation auf das Gebiet der formalen Spezifikation ĂŒbertragen werden können. Zuerst vergleichen wir Ziele, Konzepte und Probleme der WissenreprĂ€sentation mit denen der formalen Spezifikation. Danach untersuchen wir einige Eigenschaften von Spezifikationen und Wissensbasen, wie zum Beispiel Konsistenz, VollstĂ€ndigkeit und Korrektheit. Weiterhin betrachten wir ein Werkzeug zur Spezifikation von wissensbasierten Systemen, welches selbst ein WissensreprĂ€sentationssystem ist. Abschließend ordnen wir diese Arbeit in die Standard Siemens Entwicklungsmethode (stdSEM) ein

    Persuasive Argumentation and Epistemic Attitudes

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    Geeniuuringute lĂ€bipaistvus andmesubjekti suhtes – Eesti nĂ€itel pĂ”hinev analĂŒĂŒs

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    VĂ€itekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsiooneEL isikuandmete kaitse ĂŒldmÀÀrusest tuleneva lĂ€bipaistvuse pĂ”himĂ”tte jĂ€rgi peab inimese jaoks olema tema isikuandmete töötlemine lĂ€bipaistev. Reeglina peab inimesele teada olema, kas ja millisel eesmĂ€rgil ning kelle poolt tema andmeid töödeldakse. Selle tagamiseks tuleb vastav teave isikule teatavaks teha enne, kui temalt vĂ”etakse nĂ”usolek isikuandmete töötlemiseks. Kui isikuandmete töötlemine toimub ilma nĂ”usolekuta (st seaduse alusel), rakendub ĂŒldine teavitamiskohustus. Lisaks aitab isikuandmete töötlemise lĂ€bipaistvust tagada ka see, et ĂŒldjuhul tohib isikuandmeid kasutada ainult eesmĂ€rkidel, millistel neid koguti. Esimesed kaks kirjeldatud reeglit kehtivad ka juhul, kui isikuandmeid töödeldakse teadusuuringute eesmĂ€rgil. KĂŒll aga ei kehti isikuandmete töötlemisel teaduses eesmĂ€rgi piirang. SĂ”ltumata sellest, kas isikuandmed koguti nĂ”usoleku vĂ”i seaduse alusel ning millistel eesmĂ€rkidel need koguti, on neid vĂ”imalik hiljem kasutada kĂ”ikvĂ”imalikel teaduslikel eesmĂ€rkidel. Seega peaks teadusuuringute eesmĂ€rgil toimuva isikuandmete töötlemise puhul töötlemise lĂ€bipaistvust isiku suhtes tagama isiku teavitamine vĂ€hemalt tema andmete töötlemise faktist, töötlemise eesmĂ€rkidest ja töötleja isikust. Doktoritöö eesmĂ€rk on uurida, kas ja kuidas on tagatud geeniandmete töötlemise lĂ€bipaistvus isiku suhtes, kelle geeniandmeid töödeldakse teadusuuringute eesmĂ€rgil. Selleks uuritakse probleeme, mis tekivad geeniuuringute puhul isikult nĂ”usoleku vĂ”tmise eelse teavitamisega, ning kitsaskohti, mis vĂ”ivad esineda isiku teavitamisel juhul, kui andmeid töödeldakse geeniuuringute eesmĂ€rgil ilma isiku nĂ”usolekuta. Doktoritöös jĂ”utakse jĂ€reldusele, et kehtiv Ă”igus ei taga geeniandmete töötlemise lĂ€bipaistvust inimese suhtes olukorras, kus geeniandmeid töödeldakse teadusuuringute eesmĂ€rgil.According to the principle of transparency arising from the General Data Protection Regulation of the EU, personal data must be processed in a manner transparent to the individual. As a general rule, the individual must be informed of the fact and purposes of the processing of their data, and the identity of the data controller. Accordingly, individuals must be provided this information prior to giving consent to the processing of their data. If the processing is undertaken without the consent of the individual (i.e. based on law), the general obligation to provide information applies. In addition, another measure of facilitating transparency of personal data processing is the purpose limitation, according to which personal data may only be processed for purposes for which it was collected. The first two described rules apply as well when personal data is processed for research purposes. However, the purpose limitation does not apply in the research context. Regardless of whether personal data was obtained based on informed consent or law, it can later be used for (different) research purposes. Thus, if personal data is processed for research purposes, transparency in relation to the individual should be facilitated via the provision of information regarding at least the fact and purposes of processing, and the identity of the controller. The aim of this dissertation is to determine, if and how transparency in relation to the individual is facilitated in scenarios where genetic data is being processed for research purposes. In order to do so, the author analyses problems related to the provision of information prior to obtaining consent for genetic research, and the shortcomings of the general obligation to provide information where genetic data is used in research without consent. The author concludes that current regulatory frameworks do not adequately facilitate transparency in relation to individuals in regard to the use of their genetic data if the genetic data is processed for research purposes.https://www.ester.ee/record=b528269

    RESIDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS OF TOURISM IMPACTS AND SUPPORT FOR TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

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    Purpose – The impact of tourism is an ongoing research interest among scholars as it is directly related to the tourism development process. Residents’ perceptions of tourism impacts can indicate development guidelines if planners pay attention to them. Design – We examine residents’ perceptions of tourism impacts and their support for sustainable tourism development in two similar tourism destinations, PortoroĆŸ and Opatija, based on their similarity, closeness, and connectedness through time to the present. Approach – There is an urgent need for a strategic development change for both destinations, which are coping with typical negative impacts of tourism, including seasonality, noise and, overcrowding. Methodology – Four hundred and forty-six residents surveyed indicated that tourism development is an important issue. Two databases were combined in order to conduct inference data analysis using SPSS 21 statistical software. Depending on the type of variables, t-test and ANOVA were used for the analysis in addition to the descriptive statistics. Findings – Residents point out a clear and strong message for the importance of their inclusion and active involvement in the decision-making processes of sustainable tourism development. Furthermore, our results revealed higher criticism of tourism impacts among those personally involved in tourism (employed or economically dependent on tourism) and among PortoroĆŸ locals. Originality - We provide theoretical and practical implications of the research, especially suitable for planners of the destination development, who should be cautious about residents’ reaction to tourism at the destination

    Strange Interferences : Modernism and Conservativism vs. Avant-Garde, Hungary, 1910’s

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    It is a highly peculiar phenomenon in Hungarian – and perhaps in East and Central European – literature of the early 20th century that Avant-Garde tendencies started to gain some (weak) position parallel with the first wave of Modernism, and when they received – understandably – a rather hostile reaction on the part of Conservative (nationalistic, traditional, anti-Western) literary circles, their reception on the part of the evolving Modernist literature was not much more friendly either. Strangely enough, besides some signals of solidarity and sympathy, the criticisms of Modernism turned against Avant-Garde were in harmony with those formulated by the Conservative circles. However, as the Latin saying goes, “duo cum faciunt idem, non est idem” (that is, when two do the same thing, it is not the same thing) – despite the apparent interference of Modernist and Conservative criticism aimed against Avant-Garde tendencies, the position of the actors in question was radically different. In what follows, I give a short account of the Avant-Gardists’ debate with their Modernist contemporaries and an even shorter account of their debate with Conservative adversaries

    Remarks on deixis

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    The prevailing conception of deixis is oriented to the idea of 'concrete' physical and perceptual characteristics of the situation of speech. Signs standardly adduced as typical deictics are I, you, here, now, this, that. I and you are defined as meaning "the person producing the utterance in question" and "the person spoken to", here and now as meaning "where the speaker is at utterance time" and "at the moment the utterance is made" (also, "at the place/time of the speech exchange"); similarly, the meanings of this and that are as a rule defined via proximity to speaker's physical location. The elements used in such definitions form the conceptual framework of most of the general characterisations of deixis in the literature. [...] There is much in the literature, of course, that goes far beyond this framework . A great variety of elements, mostly with very abstract meanings, have been found to share deictic characteristics although they do not fit into the personnel-place-time-of-utterance schema. The adequacy of that schema is also called into question by many observations to the effect that the use of such standard deictics as here, now, this, that cannot really be accounted for on its basis, and by the far-reaching possibilities of orienting deictics to reference points in situations other than the situation of speech, to 'deictic centers' other than the speaker. [...] Analyses along the lines of the standard conception regularly acknowledge the existence of deviations from the assumed basic meanings. One traditional solution attributes them to speaker's "subjectivity", or to differences between "physical" and "psychological" space or time; in a similar vein, metaphorical extensions may be said to be at play, or a distinction between prototypical and non-prototypical meanings invoked. Quite apart from the question of the relative merits of these explanatory principles, which I do not wish to discuss here, the problem with all such accounts is that the definitions of the assumed basic meanings themselves are founded on axiom rather than analysis of situated use. The logical alternative, of course, is to set out for more abstract and comprehensive meaning definitions from the start. In fact, a number of recent, discourse-oriented, treatments of the demonstratives proceed this way; they view those elements as processing instructions rather than signs with inherently spatial denotation (Isard 1975, Hawkins 1978, Kirsner 1979, Linde 1979 , Ehlich 1982.
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